Essay --

Under U.S. GAAP, entities can generally recognize revenue when it is accomplished or realizable and earned. 1.Revenue can be recognized when it is realized or realizable. For revenue to be realized, a company must receive currency or claims to cash in exchange of goods, services, or other assets. Similarly, for revenue to be realizable, the firms goods, services, or other assets must be interchange for other assets that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims to cash (605-10-25-1). This means that the entitys assets were not exchanged for cash or claims to cash, provided instead, for another companys assets, such as short-term investments and government securities.2.Revenue can be recognized when earned. Entities can earn revenue if the firm has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues (605-10-25-1). For example, when companies substantially completed (a) provision of professional services, (b) delivery or output of goods, or (c) other activities that constitute its ongoing major or central operations, revenues is earned. Issue 2 (Bill and Hold)Question One of the issues faced by TerraSure relates to revenue recognition of finished goods that have not yet been delivered to guests due to inadequate storage space in customers warehouses. TerraSure has engaged in two different methods to deal with this situation. With the first method, TerraSure segregates the inventory within its own finished goods warehouse. In the second method, TerraSure ships customers inventory to a trinity party warehouse, where customers directly pick up their inventory. Background Regarding bill and hold inventory, the SEC Staff Guidance states that these ... ...ordance with the terms of the arrangement, has been delivered or is available for immediate and authoritative delivery.3.The license period of the arrangement has begun and the customer can begin its exploitation, exhibition, or sale .4.The arrangement fee is fixed or determinable.5.Collection of the arrangement fee is fairly assured (926-602-25-1)Responses Since TerraSure does not allow its customers to show the films until after its promotional activities begin, it cannot recognize revenue at the point of sale. To correctly recognize revenue for the film licensing contracts, customer must have all rights to exploit, exhibit, or sale (926-602-25-10). Even though the film is delivered to the customer, TerraSure must recognize revenue from licensing agreements not at the point of sale, except after the marketing department begin its promotional activities.

United States Foreign Policy Following World War II Essay -- America C

Though the United States was the military power of the world prior to World War II, its unlike policy was one of detachment. The presidential term was determined not to get involved in other countries affairs barring unusual circumstances. A World War provided big enough manner to become involved, as many Americans became enraged with the military ambitions of Japan and Germany. Following World War II, Soviet leader Stalin initially agreed to a egalitarian government in Poland and to free elections in other Soviet-occupied countries, but he ignored his own promises. This caused the United States and Britain to ignore Stalins wish of taking a hard line with Germany in settlement talks. The Soviets formed the Socialist Unity party in East Berlin and effectively gained control of East Germany. Though this had a lot to do with the fact that the European people were increasingly tired and lacked the energy to fight a growing Socialist party line, another study factor was that there were enough citizens in this area and in other Soviet-dominated countries who believed communism was a better social system and that it could breed a impertinent kind of humanity (Stranges, 193).The apparent spread of communism caused many to question the governments policy of non-intervention in foreign affairs. A counselor in the United States Embassy in Moscow, George Kennan, introduced the policy of containment which said that America needed to stop the spread of communism and that it would eventually die out so long as it did not broaden. Not only were the American people scared of the spread of communism, but the United States government believed that communist nations would spread like falling dominoes if even one country in a region began enacting socialist policies.The United States implemented this spic-and-span policy with the passage of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall figure of June5, 1947. In the Truman Doctrine, then President Truman pledged $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece in an effort to avert communist takeovers. This served as an pioneer ended offer to nations to choose between freedom and democracy or terror and oppression (Stranges, 194). The Marshall Plan was an effort to rebuild 16 nations in Europe. $13.326 billion was pledged to Britain, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Turkey, Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, an... ...n claims that they it was winning the war seemed inaccurate as the North Vietnamese were able to launch the Tet Offensive in January of 1968. As the American creation rapidly began to oppose the war, Nixon began to remove American troops from Vietnam while increasing the bombing at the same time. Nixon claimed he was ending the war, but the United States forces invaded Cambodia in april of 1970. The United States had removed all troops from the area by March of 1973, much later than most Americans believed this should have happened. Following the war with Vietnam, America foreign policy saw a new shift. This shift is marked by the decline of containment to a policy of a here and now approach. That is, the United States new policy was to deal with each situation on a case by case basis rather than treating every threat of communism as a threat to containment. This reclaimed part of the old policy of objectivity in international affairs. As the past shows, controversies and wars alike have the power to dramatically shift a countries foreign policy. One can only wonder what will cause the next change.Works CitedStranges, George. The Cold War. New York Random House, 1997

The Globalization of Sports Essays -- Globalization, Sports

gas is an ever growing aspect of our cultures, and as the access to different avenues of sport begin to present themselves we chief the ability of sport organizations to expand globally. This review of literature will examine different avenues of sport and the research that has been done in regards to their effort to expand on a global scale.Arguably one of the most successful avenues of sport to expand globally is soccer. Soccer is played in more countries(204) than any new(prenominal) sport. (Klein, 2008) A perfect example of soccer as a marking that has expanded globally is Manchester United. In a case study by whoremonger S. Hill and John Vincent Manchester Uniteds Globalization in sport branding is examined through using David Aakers Brand Identity posture. (Hill & Vincent, 2006) Aakers model breaks down what makes up the core and extended brand identities. (Aaker, 1996) These values that make up the core and extended brand identities are brand as product, brand as o rganization, brand as person, and brand as symbol. (Aaker, 1996) Hill and Vincent throughout this case study explain in detail these key values as they pertain to Manchester United which helps explain why Manchester United as a soccer team has become so successful. According to Hill and Vincent the brand as product is very marketable because the familiarity of the basic concepts of the sport, the ease to play, the value of the English premier league as a league, and the country of origin for the modern plunk for was invented in England. (Hill & Vincent, 2006) The brand as organization also is marketable due to the traditional club youth program, the adding of household names, and the fast pace of play that was created to add-on excitement among fans. (Hill & Vincent... ...g sport assessing the World Baseball Classic. Soccer & Society, 158-169.Luo, M. (2003, Febuary 9). Rockets Yao Ming carries Asians in America to new heights. The Miami Herald.Maguire, J., & Bale, J. (1994). T he global sports arena. Athletic talent migration in an interdependent world. London Routledge.Means, J., & Nauright, J. (2007). acquittance global the NBA sets its sights on Africa. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 40-49.National Basketball Association. (2005, April 12). NBA basketball stars reunite for Basketball without Borders Africa. Retrieved from http//www.nba.com/bwb/starsreuniteafrica.htmlThibault, L. (2009). Globalization of Sport An Inconvenient Truth. Journal of Sport Management, 1-20.Wang, C.-M. (2004). Capitalizing the big man Yao Ming, Asian America, and the China Global. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 263-278.

Riley King :: essays research papers

Riley KingA.K.A. B. B. King&9Life span 1925-????&9Style Synopsis Style is the word that describes the way that B.B. He uses signature tremolo and "T-Bone Walker" influenced jazzy sounding blues riffs. Also, in words of B.B., "I dont do no chords". He can also tell when quiet notes are more necessary than full notes.Biography&9For as long as anyone can remember, B.B. King has reigned as the "King Of Blues." With his Gibson guitar named Lucille, on with his unique vocals, king has put out whatsoever of the most down-home sounds in African-American music.B.B. King, the beings greatest blues singer had- like a lot of people- had some hard times. Born in 1925 in Itta Bena, Mississippi., King lived with his mother until he was nine. When his mother died he lived alone, taking care of himself by working in cotton wool fields that were owned by the people who had employed his mother, this was the time of the Depression , and the period when he started le arning the guitar. He worked as a disc rip off at the Memphis radio station WDIA in 1949, where he picked up the stage name "The Beale Street Blues Boy," He was influenced by jazz guitarist Charlie Christian, as well as countless other blues musicians including T-Bone Walker. Among the many airs he eternalized, "The Thrill Is Gone" is perhaps his most enduring, he aslo won several Grammys for that song and the albums "There Must Be a Better World Somewhere", "My Guitar Sings The Blues", "Live at San Quentin", "Live at the Apollo", and "Blues Summit". He received along with other numerous awards the Grammy Lifetime Achievments Award in 1987. Still on the road and recording for MCA, with Lucille , B.B. King is still showing the world the blues is here to stay.&9King started his career as a teenage professional musician on the streets of Memphis during the 1940s. He played gospel and blues on street corners for tips. Concern ed in whether or not to play gospel or Blues, he decided to integrate both styles. In 1951, B. B. King had his first hit song ,"3 Oclock Blues. The song was so successful, record producers signed the young man from his Memphis, Tenn. home and send him to New York City, where he shortened his stage name from Beale Street Blues Boy to "B.B. &9Over the past forty years, King has been called the master of blue using his many styles of gospel, jazz, and blues, which has influenced all blues and rock guitarists.

Personal Writing: A Schoolyard Lesson :: essays research papers

Personal Writing A Schoolyard Lesson     "Get up, require up you have coach to twenty-four hour period," my mother blurted out, as I fellout of bed. I stood up and waddled to the bathroom. Looking into the mirror Ismiled to myself I knew today was going to be average fine. My family and I hadjust moved from Guatemala, and today was to be my first day at Bel AirElementary School. I usu everyy dont get worried about these situations, sinceIve been through the routine before, besides I tend to make friends prettyeasily. Why would today be any different, I told myself.     I end brushing my teeth and splashing my face, then continued toget dressed. I threw on some Bugle Boy caches, a Polo shirt, and some Nikes.After swelled up on my hair I ran into the kitchen and snatched my lunch box offthe counter. Soon I was out the door and on to face my first day at my newschool.     After defeating the labyrinth of streets that we call our neighborhood,and meeting my first crossing guard I made my way into the school. It wasquite crowded , hardly I knew where I was headed. I proceeded up the stairs anddown the hall to room 212, where I sat down in the front row. I moody aroundand took a quick peak at the class scanning the room for someone to talk to.When I saw no opportunities I began to get a bit timid, but as soon as the bellrang I felt all right.     We went through the motions for awhile filling out radical work,introducing ourselves, all the first day stuff. I heard a few kids say theywere new to the area, of which Brian Vedder was the only boy. He wasnt much tolook at, not a soap opera star, or a great athlete, just a regular kid.Nonetheless I thought Id like to meet him and talk to him ulterior on in the day.By this time we all were becoming restless, and I definitely knew why. Everyonewas waiting for recess, the time when kids get to have fun and let it all hangout. Af ter all we didnt have class all summer, and keeping our butts in thosechairs for so long was beginning to hurt.     Lunch rolled around and we knew what that meant recess was next. Thebell rang and everyone ran outside, bursting onto the playground like a swarm oflocusts attacking crops. I saw many games going on dodgeball, soccer, jump

Personal Writing: A Schoolyard Lesson :: essays research papers

Personal Writing A Schoolyard Lesson     "Get up, construct up you have school today," my mother blurted out, as I fellout of bed. I stood up and waddled to the bathroom. Looking into the mirror Ismiled to myself I knew today was going to be entirely fine. My family and I hadjust moved from Guatemala, and today was to be my head start day at Bel AirElementary School. I usu anyy dont get worried about these situations, sinceIve been through the routine before, besides I die hard to make friends prettyeasily. Why would today be any different, I told myself.     I finished brushing my teeth and splashing my face, then continued toget dressed. I threw on some Bugle Boy caches, a Polo shirt, and some Nikes.After giving up on my hair I ran into the kitchen and snatched my lunch corner offthe counter. Soon I was out the door and on to face my first day at my newschool.     After defeating the labyrinth of streets that we call our neighborhood,and coming upon my first crossing guard I made my way into the school. It wasquite crowded , but I knew where I was headed. I proceeded up the stairs and mow the hall to room 212, where I sat down in the front row. I turned aroundand took a quick peak at the tier scanning the room for someone to talk to.When I saw no opportunities I began to get a bit timid, but as soon as the bellrang I felt all right.     We went through the motions for awhile filling out paper work,introducing ourselves, all the first day stuff. I heard a few kids say theywere new to the area, of which Brian Vedder was the only boy. He wasnt much tolook at, not a soap opera star, or a great athlete, just a regular kid.Nonetheless I thought Id like to meet him and talk to him later on in the day.By this time we all were befitting restless, and I definitely knew why. Everyonewas waiting for recess, the time when kids get to have fun and let it all hangout. After all we didnt have class all summer, and keeping our butts in thosechairs for so long was beginning to hurt.     Lunch rolled around and we knew what that meant recess was next. Thebell rang and everyone ran outside, bursting onto the playground like a swarm oflocusts struggle crops. I saw many games going on dodgeball, soccer, jump

Behavioral Patterns of Selected 4th Year Students in San Pedro High School

Bula throne State University College of Education City of Malolos, Bulacan. Behavioral Patterns of Selected 4th year schoolchilds in San Pedro High condition Submitted to Violera Reyes, Ed. D. Submitted by Glendys Orolfo Kenneth Pabilonia Naomi Palao Maricris Palo Rogelio Ramos bloody shame Grace Regalado Micha Joy Rejano Cayneth Reyes Milca Joyce Roque Renz Ruzzel Santiago Andrea Marie Santos Mary Jane Villanueva Rich Ann Winfield ABSTRACT This investigate paper identifies the behavioral patterns of selected high school students in San Pedro High School, Hagonoy, Bulacan. The first chapter presents a short introduction somewhat adolescence.In their age, high school students were now entering the first stages of adolescence. The second chapter shows related theories about this take on. The third chapter shows the method of research done in this memorise. The fourth chapter presents the data self-collected from the respondents. Graphs were used to show the data in a logical a nd orderly manner. The fifth chapter attempts to conclude the study by telling the behavioral patterns discovered in the selected high school students. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I Introduction Chapter II Theoretical Framework Chapter ternion Methods of Research Chapter IV Interpretation and Analysis of DataChapter V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation Curriculum Vitae CHAPTER I Introduction I. Introduction The social behavior of tender-hearted multifariousnesss as they enter adolescence. In humans teens typic whollyy increase the amount of time spent with their peers. Nearly eight hours atomic number 18 usually spent communicating with others, but eight percent of this time is spent talking to adults. Adolescents report that they ar far happier spending time with similarly aged peers as compargond to adult. because conflict between adolescents and their parents increase at this time as adolescents strive to create a separation and sense of independence.These actions are not always autocratic peer pressure is very prevalent during adolescence, leading to increase cheating and misdemeanor or crime. According to Judith Rich Harris guess of group socialization, fryren and adolescent are shape more by their peers than their parents. Peers can encourage both pro-social behavior, which peeks at 11-12 years old or anti social behavior, which peaks at K1 -15 years. Adolescents are less likely to feel depressed or anxious if the peer group provides activated support (Buhrmester, 1992). Arguments between parents and children increase considerably during adolescence (Feeney 1999).However adolescents with some or no closed friends are closer to their parents and are less likely to be subject to peer pressure. Non human mammals are also abut changes in social attitude during adolescence. Adolescent rodents tolerate also been observed during this time of close . despites this social bonding between adolescents and adult tends to improve ascribable t o reconciliatory behavior. Allomaternal behavior increase among females in several species , including humans , nonhumans primates and rodents . However males tends to exhibit less interest in infant during adolescence.Adolescence can be specifically turbulent as well as a dynamic period of ones life. It has been determine as a period in which newfangled people develop abstract thinking abilities , receive more aware of their sexuality , and increase their independence from parent. Stanley Hall denoted this period as one of force and stress and according to him, conflict at this developmental stage is conventionality and not usual. Margaret Mead on the other hand, attributed the behavior of adolescents to their culture and upbringing , as the volume of businesss associated with adolescence in western society are not present in other cultures.Several development stage models, have placed in a period of human developments. Sigmeund Freud saw it as the genital phase of psychosex ual developments, where the child recapture the sexual awareness of infancy. Jean Piaget focused on cognitive development, run throughing adolescence as the formal operative stage where the young person develops the ability to think abstractly and draw conclusions from the information available, your opening of psychosocial development place the identity crisis as central to the notion of adolescence.Adolescent addresses the issues associated with adolescent such as whether or not the aforementioned storm and stress is a normal part of this period. The American psychological Association has a separate division dedicated to adolescence, and the psychologist specializing in the topic attempt to dress questions dealing with the age group. bingle issue is adolescent psychology discusses whether adolescence is in fact a discrete developmental period a point along the continuum of human development, or a social construction. II.Statement of the Problem This research paper attempts to answer the following question 1. What are the behavioral pattern manifested by selected students in San Pedro High School? III. Background of the Study San Pedro High School is a public school located in Hagonoy, Bulacan. It is led by Principal Rosario L. Tamayo. The school has approximately 3000 students and 58 teachers. The researchers chose it because some of them have graduated there. exactly 56 students were chosen as respondents. IV. Significance of the Study For parentsBecause of the growing number of teenagers that was not focus on their study this research result service of process the parents to know on how they will treat their son/daughter and how they should support them. This will also inform the parents on what behaviors of their child possess during the class. They will be aware on the attitudes of their son/ daughter inside the classroom, how they child interact to their classmates and at the same time to their teachers. This will help the parents to know what t he techniques are and practices they should be done to their child for them become a good citizen in the future.For teachers Some teachers didnt understand the situations of their students in some instances. For runple, during the exam one of the students is using a kodigo. The teacher got angry and shouts to the student during the exam without knowing the reason why hes doing that thing. Maybe, before the teacher scolds the student he should warn it first and after the exam asks why he did it. Then, he will know that his student is a working student and he didnt have enough time to review. So, this study helps the teachers on how they should treat their students and how they react on the behaviors of their students.As we all know the teachers are the second parents of the child. They should approve and care to their students as if their own child. For students Teenagers were not aware on their behaviors inside the classroom. Teenagers also didnt know their real personality. Many of them communicate what are they real attitudes and characteristics, what attitudes they have and what are the moods they have. This study is design to the students for them to be aware on their attitudes inside the classroom. This will help the teenagers to be aware and to open their eyes in the things they should be done to help our country.This will also help them to see the hardship of their parents estimable to make them finish their study, the sacrifices of their parents to support them and how their parents make the night become day just to ensure their future and to give all their needs. CHAPTER II Theoretical Framework Social cognitive theory, used in psychology, education, and communication, posits that portions of an individuals knowledge encyclopaedism can be directly related toobservingothers within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences.Social cognitive theory is alearning theorybased on the roots that people learn by watchin g what others do and will not do, these processes are central to understanding personality. While social cognitists correspond that there is a fair amount of influence on development generated by learned behavior displayed in the environment in which one grows up, they deliberate that the individual person (and therefore cognition) is just as important in determining moral development. People learn by observing others, with the environment, behavior, and cognition all as the chief factors in influencing development.These three factors are not static or independent rather, they are all reciprocal. For example, each behavior witnessed can change a persons way of thinking (cognition). Similarly, the environment one is raised in may influence later behaviors, just as a fathers mindset (also cognition) will determine the environment in which his children are raised. Albert Bandura also stressed that the easiest way to display moral development would be via the consideration of multiple factors, be they social, cognitive, or environmental. 2The relationship between the aforementioned three factors provides even more insight into the complex concept that is morality. Further development in social cognitive theory posits that learning will most likely occur if there is a close identification between the observer and the model and if the observer also has a good deal ofself-efficacy. Self-efficacy beliefs function as an important set of proximal determinants of human motivation, affect, and action which operate on action through motivational, cognitive, and affective interpose processes.Identification allows the observer to feel a one-to-one connection with the individual being imitated and will be more likely to achieve those imitations if the observer feels that they have the ability to follow through with the imitated action. Vicarious learning, or the process of learning from other peoples behavior, is a central idea of social cognitive theory and self-efficacy. This idea asserts that individuals can witness observed behaviors of others and then reproduce the same actions. As a result of this, individuals refrain from making mistakes and can perform behaviors better if they see individuals complete them successfully.Vicarious learning is a part of social modeling which is one of the four means to increase self-efficacy. Social modeling refers not just observing behavior but also receiving instruction and guidance of how to complete a behavior. The other three methods include, mastery experience, improving physical and emotional states and oral persuasion. Mastery experience is a process in which the therapist or interventionist facilitates the success of an individual by achieving simple incremental goals. With the achievement of simple tasks, more complex objectives are introduced. The person essentially masters a behavior step by step.Improving physical and emotional states refers to ensuring a person is rest and relaxed prior to attemp ting a new behavior. The less relaxed, the less patient, the more likely the goal behavior will not be pull aheaded. Finally, verbal persuasion is providing encouragement for a person to complete a task or achieve a certain behavior. CHAPTER III Methods of Research This chapter discusses the procedures to be done by the researchers to attain their needed data. This includes the methods and techniques of the study, population of the study, research instrument and data gathering procedure.Methods and Techniques of the Study The type of research conducted in this study is the Descriptive Research. It includes surveys and fact-find enquiries of the different agreeables that will be distributed to the respondents. It may also be called ex post facto research because the researchers have no control over the variables. The variables given up is not manipulated by the researchers but were given by the respondents. These variables were treated with importance and care so as not to deviat e the data from reality. Population of the Study The researchers chose a section in the poop Year level at with 56 students.The study is all about behavioral patterns so the researchers only one section so as they can focus on only one set of students. Research Instrument The primary tool used to conduct this research is a questionnaire. Simplified questions were intercommunicate to the respondents. Close-ended type of questions was used in the questionnaires to help the respondents answer easily. Choices were given and the respondent must answer the question by ticking the box corresponding to the answer they selected. If their answer was not given in the set of choices, there is an underline in the bottom of every set of choices where they can write their answer.Data pull together Procedure The first step done by the researchers is to select the school were they will conduct the study. After selecting the school, they have written a letter asking permission to conduct the stud y that was given to the principal. The school chosen was the alma mater of a couple of the researchers so we it was an advantage because they already know the surroundings of the institution, its faculty, its atmosphere, and the kind of students studying there. Choosing the respondents was the next step. The researchers selected a section of fourth year high schools.The researcher approached and visited them personally so they can introduce themselves. This was done during the time period of the respondents. After explain the purpose of the study, the researchers distributed photocopied questionnaires to respondents. All respondents were assured that their response will be appreciated and treated confidentially. CHAPTER IV Interpretation of Data The data gathered from the answered questionnaires were presented in this chapater with corresponding graphs. I. Age 14% of the boy respondents are 15 years old while 11% of them are 16 years old. Only 7% of them are 17 years old.This shows that most of the boy respondents are at age of 15. 45 % of the girls are 15 years old, 20% are 16 years old and 9% of them are 17 years old. Age 60 50 40 No. of respondents 30 20 10 0 1516 17 II. Family Background Most of the boy respondents are living with both their parents, 9% of them are living with their mother only while 5% are living with their father only. 54% of the girl respondents are living with both their parents while 4% of them are living with their mother only and 5% are living with their father only. 60 50 40 30 20 10 Others Living with father, without motherLiving with mother, without father Living with both parents 0 III. Religion Most of the boy respondents are Catholic, being 29% of them. Only 2% of them are Iglesia ni Cristo. No other boy answered another(prenominal) religion. 54% of the girl respondent is Catholic while 7% of them is Iglesia ni Cristo. 7% answered the others options. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CatholicIglesiaMuslim Protestant Others IV. Nature of Wor k 2% of the boy respondents have parents working in the government, 4% have vendor parents, 5% are have velocipede drivers as parents, 4% have OFW parents, and 13% answered the others option.In the girls, 7% have government employees as parents, 2% of them have vendor parents, 7% of them are trike drivers, 5% of them have parents working in abroad, 2% are housekeeper and 43% answered the others option. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 disposal Vendors Tricycle drivers OFWs House Helper CHAPTER V Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation I. Summary This study aims to discover the behavioral pattern of selected 4th year students in San Pedro High School located in Hagonoy, Bulacan. 6 respondents were chosen to included in the study. Questionnaires were given to these respondents for them to answer. After they have completed the questionnaires, the researchers assessed the answers of the respondents. Behavioral patterns were then identified from the given information including their sex, family back ground, socioeconomic status and religion. Also, careful observation were done by the researchers to these respondents to identify what are their behaviors. References such as research papers, books and journals were used to still strengthen this study.II. Conclusion By assessing the completed questionnaires of the respondents, we were able to identify their behavioral patterns. * The respondents turned out to be responsible. They are doing their duties and responsibilities as students. They are concerned about their studies and they are willing to exert time and effort in it. * The respondents were cooperative with their classmates. It means that when group activities were being done, they are willing to cooperate with each other. * The respondents interact with their peers and teachers.They socialize with their same age group and form friendships. They also interact with their teachers to have a harmonious relationship. They are sociable, easy to approach, and open with others. * The respondents care with others. They are not selfish. They feel the feeling of others. * The respondents are not troublesome. They are not aggressive like most high school students nowadays. They act in a civilized manner. They do not fight in the classroom or within the campus grounds. They obey simple rules and are much willing to not train them.All in all, the behavioral patterns manifested in the selected 4th year students in San Pedro High School were positive. III. Recommendation Both parents and educators must respond to classroom behavioral patterns to ensure the healthy development of the students. The researchers present these recommendations to the teachers and parents. To the teachers The teachers must develop the good behavioral patterns of the students. He is the leader of his students. He is the one who knows what his student needs, and more importantly, what is the problem of his student in school.He must address to these problems because these problems may inter fere with the social and emotional development of the student. He must be open to his students and be guidance councilor and adviser to them. either negative behavioral pattern that are arising must be stopped immediately because it may hamper both the emotional and educational development of the student. To the parents Parents play a big role in the development of their child. They must guide their child in their social, emotional and mental development. Any negative behaviors they manifest in home must be looked upon immediately because it may also manifest in school.

Ebay & Paypal

With more than 94 million active users globally, eBay is the worlds largest online marketplace, where practically anyone understructure buy and sell practically anything. Founded in 1995, eBay connects a diverse and passionate friendship of individual buyers and sellers, as well as small businesses. Their collective collision on e-commerce is staggering In 2010, the total worth of goods sold on eBay was $62 billion more than $2,000 every second. For the latest stories about eBay, including recent monetary performance,With more than 94 million active registered accounts worldwide, PayPal has made it possible for individuals and businesses to pay and get paid online across different locations, currencies and languages. Responding to the eBay community, which had quickly adopted PayPal as its crush-loved payment method, eBay Inc. acquired the company in 2002. Since then, PayPals customer base has grown, both on eBay and across e-commerce. Having built a single global payments engi ne that has some of the best risk and fraud detection capabilities in the payments industry, PayPal continues to be one of the leading ways to pay online.Today, PayPal is available in 190 markets, 24 currencies, and is accepted by millions of online merchants around the world. With more than 94 million active users globally, eBay is the worlds largest online marketplace, where practically anyone can buy and sell practically anything. Founded in 1995, eBay connects a diverse and passionate community of individual buyers and sellers, as well as small businesses. Their collective impact on e-commerce is staggering In 2010, the total worth of goods sold on eBay was $62 billion more than $2,000 every second. For the latest stories about eBay, including recent financial performance,

Grade 12 Chemistry Notes – History and Development

3. 1 & 3. 2 Chemistry Notes Dalton * In 1805, John Dalton reintroduced the idea to explain 3 of import principles Experimental Work * Atoms of different elements take on different properties * Law of definite proportion and multiple compositions blood corpuscles of 2 or more elements hind end combine in a fixed ratio to form new affectionatenesss depending on their combining capacities (eg. H2O vs H2O2) * Law of conservation of mass components cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction Conclusions * All matter is composed of atoms Atoms atomic number 18 the smallest pieces of matter and cannot be broken down further * All atoms of one element have identical properties Problem * Development of a cathode ray provide (by William Crookes) Thompson (1897) Experimental Work * Used a cathode ray tube a vacuum tube with electrodes at both ends * Found that there were headingd particles that were travelling from one end of the tube to the other (from negative end to p ositive end) Conclusion * Proposed that an atom was a positively charged empty sphere containing negatively charged negatrons raisin scone analogy What Thompson left us with? Atoms consist of negative electrons embedded inside a positively charged sphere * Analogy of raisin bun often used Milikins Famous Oil Drop Experiment * Determined size and charge on electron * Discovered charge on single electron was 1. 6 x 1019 C How it worked? * Knew mass of single slump of oil, calculated gravity on one drop * Charge was applied to falling drops by illuminating bottom chamber with x-rays, exciting electrons, causing them to marry to oil. * Using a battery, electric voltage was applied to the plates.When just right, the electromagnetic force would balance out the force of gravity, suspending particles in midair. * Noticed charge was eer multiples of 1. 6 x 1019 * Q= mg/E Gold Foil Experiment * Radioactive particles (alpha radiation therapy) were fired at thin gold sheets * Screens sur face with zinc sulfide detected the presence of the alpha radiation * Vast majority of alpha particles passed straight through gold sheet, however, approximately 1 in 8000 particles were deflected Chadwick and the Neutron When calculating the mass of specific nuclei, the calculated mass did not correlate with the associated charge of the nucleus * Chadwick proposed that neutral particles must be present to make up for the wanting(p) mass * Chadwick proposed a positive nucleus containing neutral particles Isotopes * Mass spectrometers were used to discover that all atoms of the same element were not the same * Elements contained several(prenominal) different forms of isotopes (atoms with the same turn of events of protons, but different numbers of neutrons) Problem with the Rutherford Model Physics bodies are accelerating when they change speed and/or direction * And electron travelling in a circular orbit is constantly changing its direction and therefore accelerating * This acce leration would result in the electrons emitting electromagnetic radiation, lose electrons, and collapsing the atom as it continuously spirals inward because it is losing electrons Enter Max Plank * Her was studying the emission of unprovoked from hot objects * What is visible spark? When objects are heated, they emit versatile colors of light depending on how hot the object is * Ex. white hot objects are emitting the whole range of the visible spectrum * red hot objects emit light with wavelength of the infrared longest wavelength * blue hot objects are the hottest as they emit light of shortest wavelength * Hot objects emit radiation. The hotter they are, the more energetic the radiation emitted is. The electromagnetic radiation changes as the object gets hotter. * The color of light emitted reveals temperature Explaining Intensity vs.Energy The staircase which changed physics * Planck suggested that energies of the vibrating atoms in the heated solid were multiples of small q uantities of might ( life force was not continuous) * Introduced the term quantum * The gradient is actually more like a staircase * Each step represents a quanta of nix * A quanta is derived from quantity and refers to the smallest possible unit of vitality that can be associated with a specific sub-microscopic even * An atom has to absorb or release an entire package (quanta) of energy or none at all.There is no in between Heinrich Hertz the photoelectric effect * Photoelectric effect when light is shone on a metal surface, electrons are released from the surface of the metal. The number of electrons released per entropy can be measured by a connected ammeter * Frequency is different from intensity. Electrons will only ricochet off if the frequency is right, however, how many electrons jump off will depend on the intensity of the light. How fast they jump off will also increase with higher frequency * The amount of energy in a light wave is proportionally related to its frequ ency.High frequency light has high energy, low frequency light has low energy (violet has the nearly energy and red has the least) Einstein puts 2 and 2 together * In 1905, Einstein received the Nobel Prize for applying Plancks idea to the photoelectric effect * When light strikes metal, some of the energy is used to allow the electron to break free from the metal, the rest of the energy is left over as the kinetic energy of the ejected electron * If one electron absorbs one photon (quanta of energy), it must be great enough or the electron to be able to escape * No electrons escape at low photon energies because the energy of the single photon was insufficient for the electron to escape the metal Energy of Quanta of Energy Photons * E = h x f, where E is the amount of energy in joules (J), h is Plancks constant 6. 6 x 10-34, and f is the frequency in hertz * A photon is a packet of energy, with energy values corresponding to the frequency of the electromagnetic wave Einsteins Pro posals Light is quantized like a particle (photon) * Light exist as bundles of photons, with separately photon independent of each other * This means that light has certain particle properties as well * The energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency and nothing else. * Therefore, a phonon is a small packet of energy corresponding to a specific frequency of light (E=hf) Spectroscopy The spectroscope was invented by Robert bunsen burner and Gustav Kirchhoff in the 1850s to study light * When white light passes through spectroscope (containing a prism or diffraction grating), the light is divided into a continuous rainbow of colors (continuous spectrum) Bunsen and Kirchhoff (1859) invented the spectroscope * When elements were heated in a Bunsen burner flame, each element produced a flam color and a bright line spectrum that was characteristic of the element * free burning Spectrum a display of all colors.It comes from the dispersion (refraction) of white light passing thr ough a prism * Dark Line spectrum (absorption spectrum) certain colors are missing from a display of colors produced by white light passing through a spoil and then through a prism. These missing lines enable scientists to identify the gas that the light passed through * Bright line spectrum (emission spectrum) when a gas is energized by electricity or heat or light, the gas emits light of a specific color (not white light). When this light is passed through a prism it is refracted into a pattern of a few bright lines of color.Each substance has a unique, bright line signature. This pattern of colored lines represents the same pattern of dark lines of missing color in the dark line spectrum Bohrs theory was needed to explain the bright/dark spectrum and Einsteins photons 1. Electrons travel in an atom in circular orbits. Each orbit represents a specific energy aim. All electrons in one orbit/energy level will have the same amount of energy, which is quantized (discrete packet) 2 . There is maximal number of electrons allowed in each orbit 3. When electrons absorb a photon of light, they jump from a demoralise energy level to a higer energy level.This absorption of a photon of light energy results in a dark line in the absorption spectrum 4. When electrons jump from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, energy is released as a photon of light. This release of photon from the atom results in the bright line in the emission spectrum 5. When electrons are at the lowest energy level, they are in ground state How does Bohrs Energy levels of electrons relate to the periodic table? * Each period represents one energy level full stop 1 1 Energy level, Period 2 2 energy levels, etc. There is a maximum number of electrons in each lever (level 1 2 electrons, level 2 8 electrons, level 3 8 electrons) Power Point 2 Problems with Planetary Model * If electrons were accelerating, photons of electromagnetic radiation should be emitted * Obviously this is not t he case * The Rutherford planetary model is insufficient as a model to explain matter Quantum Theory * All electrons in all atoms can be described by 4 unique quantum numbers * Quantum numbers are used to describe the approximate location and characteristics of electrons contact an atom based on the energy levels of an atom * There are 4 quantum numbers Principle quantum number (n) * Designates main E level of electron * Secondary quantum number (l) * Describes E sublevels of electrons * Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) * Relates to direction of electron orbit * Spin Quantum number (ms) * Relates to the spin of an electron Principle Quantum Number (n) * n=1, 2, 3, 4 etc. * n=1 means Energy level 1 and so on Secondary Quantum number, l * (l) describes shapes of sublevels (subshells) of the main energy level * Sommerfeld looked more closely at the H line spectrum. Found that main lines of bright line spectrum split into more lines. The number of sublevels equals the value of the principl e quantum number * Has integral values from 0 to (n-1) for each value of n * If n=3, then there are three sublevels. L = 0, 1, 2 * Each l number represents a possible shape of the orbital. (hence if l=0, 1, 2, then there are 3 possible shapes) Third Quantum Number Magnetic Quantum number, ml * describes the orientation course of electron orbital in space (therefore orbitals could exist at different angles to each other in 3-d) * For each value of l, ml, can vary from -1 to 1 Shapes of Orbitals s (l=0) orbital is spherical, ml = 0 * p (l=1) , ml = -1, 0, 1 * d (l=2) , ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 * f (l=3) orbitals are much more complex, ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 Classification of Energy Subshells * Each distinct sublevel has specific number of orbitals. * Each orbital has a different orientation The spin quantum number, ms * Pauli each electron spins on its axis in one of 2 ways clockwise or counterclockwise * The spin quantum possesses only two values either +1/2 (clockwise) or -1/2 ( counter-clockwise) New Orbital Way Orbitals are 3 dimensional probability distribution graphs which help chemists visualize where electrons are most likely to be base Electron Orbitals * An electron orbital is described as the region of space where an electron may be found * Orbits are rings surrounding the nucleus, whereas orbitals are probability clouds or clouds of electron density * More than one orbital can be found within an energy level Paulis Exclusion Principle * No two electrons in an atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers

Beer and Company Essay

The southeastern African Breweries Limited is a holding fellowship initiateed in and taking management responsibility for a portfolio of businesses, principally engaged in meeting mass marketplace consumer needs. Beer is the major profit contri preciselyor, exclusively an important balance is provided by concerns in complementary potables, retailing, hotels, and the bring to pass and supply of selected consumer goods and services, together with strategic investments in businesses which support the mainstream interests. keep comp whatever History The randomness African Breweries Limited (SAB) is a holding companionship whose principal disembowel of business is create from raw stuff.The club holds an impressive 98 percent share of the beer market in its home country of southwest Africa, where it sells 14 brands of beer, including local lagers fastness and king of beasts as salubrious as unusual brands brewed under licenseHeineken, Guinness, Amstel, and Carling Black Label. Aggressive oerseas expansion following the quit of apartheid, however, has as well as given SAB self-command of, or s sorbs in, to a greater extent than 25 breweries in the emerging markets of central Europe, China, and sub-Saharan Africa. Overall, in terms of volume, southeastern African Breweries is the humanss fourth part largest brewer.SAB alike has a variety of non create from raw stuff operations, such as carbonated and natural fruit drinks and other beverages, retailing, hotels and gaming, and manufacturing of safety matches and nut case. The company has been divesting many of these noncore assets in the late 1990s. SABs history is in many ways the history of the South African brewing industry, most notably through the government- cabareted uniting of the largest breweries in 1956. The companys history was also greatly influenced by the apartheid system and its effect on the domestic thrift, on domestic firms, and on foreign investment in South Africa.Early H istory The discovery of gold on the Witwatersrand (a region encompassing Johannesburg) in 1875 brought large numbers of prospectors to South Africa. Small outposts for white settlers were transformed into ready cities with impertinently industries. Several brewmasters, most with little experience, began to produce a variety of beers which immediately gained popularity with the settlers. In 1889 a British sailor named Frederick Mead left his ship in Durban and took a job working in the canteen of a local army garrison at Fort Napier.While there, Mead, who was only 20, became acquainted with a businessman in Pietermaritzburg named George Raw. Neither of them k sunrise(prenominal) anything about brewing, but they persuaded the local residents to help establish the Natal Brewery Syndicate. After purchasing a factory site, Frederick Mead returned to England to procure machinery and bid capital. In need of brewing expertise, Mead approached W. H. Hackblock, head of Morgans Brewery in N orwich. The twain men became friends and Hackblock concur to serve as chairman of Meads company, which was registered in 1890 as the Natal Brewery Syndicate (South East Africa) Limited.The company brewed its first beer in July 1891. Mead remained interested in establishing a brewery in the apace growing Witwatersrand. In 1892 he purchased the Castle Brewery in Johannesburg from its proprietor Charles Glass. The expansion of this facility, however, was beyond the means of the Natal Brewery Syndicate, and Mead returned to England to attract tender investors. In the final arrangement, Mead formed another larger company ground in capital of the United Kingdom called The South African United Breweries. This company took over the operations of both the Natal Brewery Syndicate and the Castle Brewery.After construction of the new Castle Brewery, South African United Breweries made additional share offerings which were purchased by South Africas largest investment houses. Subsequent gro wth precipitated a restructuring of the company and reincorporation in capital of the United Kingdom on May 15, 1895, as The South African Breweries Limited. In 1896 South African Breweries purchased its first boarding houses. That same year, Frederick Mead endured to England for wellness reasons but continued to occupy a seat on the board of directors and frequently returned to South Africa.From London, Mead directed the purchase of machinery for brewing lager beer from the Pfaudler Vacuum Company in the United States. Patent restrictions and mechanical difficulties delayed business of Castle lager until 1898. The beer gained such widespread popularity that competing breweries rushed to introduce their avouch lagers. South African Breweries, or SAB, was listed on the London stemma Exchange in 1895 and two old age later became the first industrial company to be listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.Through these listings SAB had greater access to additional investor capital . On October 11, 1899, a war broke out between British colonial forces and Dutch and Huguenot settlers known as Boers. The war drove residents of Johannesburg out of the city and forced the Castle Brewery to close for almost a year. When British troops recovered the area, the brewery had sustained little or no damage. British authorities regarded the plant as an essential industry, and encouraged the company to resume production in August 1900.Disrupted supply lines caused shortages of yeast and other raw materials, but at heart a year production had returned to full capacity. The Boer War stop in 1902 but was followed by a concentrated economic depression. The brewing industry was not as adversely affected as others, however, and SAB was capable to continue its expansion across southern Africa. The company acquired the Durban Breweries and Distillers company, and realized a new plant at Bloemfontein. SAB purchased Morgans Brewery in Port Elizabeth in 1906 and, pentad years lat er, acquired another brewery in Salisbury, Rhodesia (now Harare, Zimbabwe).At its northernmost point, SAB launch a brewery at Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). W. H. Hackblock died in 1907 and was succeeded as chairman by Sydney Chambers. In 1912 Chambers led the company into an innovative arrangement with its competitor, Ohlssons Brewery, to trail hops articulatioly at a site near the city of George, midway between Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. A joint subsidiary called partnership Hop Growers spent many years developing new hybrids, which delayed the first commercial use of South African-grown hops until 1920.Diversified into Bottles, Lodging, and Mineral piddle in Early 20th Century After Frederick Mead died in August 1915, John Stroyan, who succeeded Sydney Chambers a few months earlier, became the most important figure in SAB management. Stroyan faced a serious challenge the following year when hostilities during World War I interrupted the supply of bottles to South Africa. SAB decided to establish its own bottle-making plants in 1917. Actual production, however, did not begin until 1919, the year the war ended.Another economic depression beset South Africa after World War I, but steady growth in the demand for beer reduced many of the detrimental effects of the depression. SAB was financially strong enough in 1921 to purchase the Grand Hotel in Cape Town, an important addition to the companys lodging business. SAB gained an interest in the mineral water business in 1925, when it purchased a substantial interest in the Schweppes Company. The Great Depression of the proterozoic 1930s had little effect on the South African brewing industry SAB continued to expand its operations and improve its facilities.The companys biggest problems were shortages of labor and capital. The Spanish Civil War and rising political tensions in Europe during the mid- and late 1930s caused a shift in the supply of plug to South Africa. Faced with a severe shortage of cork seals for its beer, SAB developed a method of recycling old cork until a new supplier of cork could be found. Castle Beer accompanied South African soldiers to the East African and Mediterranean theaters of World War II, but apart from its involvement in Europe, South Africa was relatively unaffected by World War II.When hostilities ended in 1945, SAB turned its attention to further modernisation and expansion. Arthur Griffith-Boscawen, who had succeeded John Stroyan as chairman in 1940, died in 1946, and was replaced by John Stroyans son, Captain John R. A. Stroyan. Under the leadership of the younger Stroyan, SAB concentrated on the establishment of a South African barley industry as an extension of the joint agricultural project it operated with Ohlssons. Takeover of Ohlssons and United Breweries in 1956 South African Breweries entered a new stage of its development in 1950.That year, in the midst of a large corporate modernization program, SAB decided to move its head of fice from London to Johannesburg. In 1951 the company acquired the Hotel Victoria in Johannesburg, and a second brewery in Salisbury. Captain Stroyan retired the following year and returned to England. His successor, a intelligent barrister named J. K. Cockburn Millar, died after only four months in office, and was replaced by a solicitor, S. J. Constance. After producing nothing but beer for more than 60 years, SAB began to introduce a range of strong drink products.The incentive to diversify was provided by increased taxes on beer. Consumption of beer in South Africa fell for the first time on record and showed every trait of further decline. Officials of the three largest brewing companies in South Africa, SAB, Ohlssons Cape Breweries, and United Breweries, met on several occasions in London and Johannesburg to discuss the viability of contender under deteriorating market conditions. In 1956 these officials decided that the three companies should merge their operations into adept large brewing concern.SAB acquired all the shares of Ohlssons and United Breweries, thus retaining the South African Breweries name. B. C. Smither of Ohlssons and M. W. J. Bull of United Breweries joined the SAB board of directors. Although the new company controlled 90 percent of the market for beer in South Africa, antiquated production facilities narrowed profit margins. In response, company activities were centralized in the Transvaal and the western Province, areas where the three companies had previously competed. In addition, the old Castle Brewery in Johannesburg was closed in 1958. After succeeding Constance as chairman in 1959, M.W. J. Bull initiated a further diversification into wines and spirits. In 1960 SAB acquired the Stellenbosch Farmers Winery and later added Monis Wineries. Bull retired at the end of 1964 and was replaced by Dr. Frans J. C. Cronje, an economist and lawyer with substantial experience in government. The company encountered a severe financial crisis in 1966 when Whitbread and Heineken entered the South African beer market. The most negative market developments, however, came from government quarters as successive increases in excise duties made beer the most heavily taxed beverage per serving.Consumers began to abandon beer for wine and sorghum beer. SAB was able to reduce the effect of this crisis by increased sales of products from the Stellenbosch winery. South African Breweries CEO Ted Sceales was instrumental in the creation of a new subsidiary called Barsab investment funds Trust, jointly held by SAB and Thomas Barlow & Sons Ltd. (later Barlow Rand), the rapidly expanding mining services sort. Barsab endureted SAB and Barlow to invest in each other and pool their managerial and administrative resources.It also provided SAB with the resources ask to adapt to rapidly changing market conditions. Sceales died following an auto accident in 1967, but the success of Barsab continued under the new boss executive, moth er fucker Goss. South African Breweries first attempted to move its legal domicile from Britain to South Africa in 1950, but was prevented from doing so by complex tax obligations to the British government. Consequently, SAB, which still derived about one-third of its income from investments in Rhodesia and Zambia, was bound to observe the British trade embargo against Rhodesia in 1967.Reincorporated in South Africa in 1970 Parliamentary motions to permit the reincorporation of SAB in South Africa were initiated in 1968. These motions, however, did not gain approval until March 17, 1970. On May 26, 1970, after 75 years as an English company, SAB became a de jure South African company. During the late 1960s SAB began brewing a number of new beerssome under license from foreign brewersincluding Guinness, Amstel, Carling Black Label, and Rogue. The company also acquired the Old Dutch and Stag brands, as well as Whitbread in South Africa.While sales of wine and spirits continued to rise , SAB sold a number of its liquor-oriented hotels, and reorganized those that remained under a new subsidiary called the Southern Sun Hotel Corporation. Southern Sun, which operated 50 hotels in South Africa, was formed by the merger in 1969 of the existing SAB hotel interests with those of the Sol Kerzner family. The South African government barred SAB from further investment in the liquor industry and limited its ability to invest overseas. The company then made several attempts to diversify its operations.In 1972 SAB and Barlow Rand decided to alter their collaboration and dissolve Barsab. As a result, two former Barsab holdings, the skid Corporation, and Afcol, South Africas largest furniture manufacturer, came under SAB control. The following year, SAB acquired OK Bazaars, a large discount department store chain. Certain other investments were disposed of, however, including imagines in banking and food products. Several brewing interests attempted to challenge SABs dominant position in the South African market.Various German interests set up breweries in Botswana and Swaziland in a failed attempt to gain a foothold in South Africa. Louis Luyt, a South African entrepreneur, also failed, and sold his breweries to the Rembrandt convention in 1973. The Luyt breweries, which formed the core of Rembrandts alcoholic beverage group, were later incorporated as the Intercontinental Breweries. Determined to succeed, Rembrandts chairman, Dr. Anton Rupert, committed his company to a scheme of competition based on control of liquor retail outlets.In 1978 Rembrandt acquired a 49 percent share of Gilbeys, the third largest liquor group in South Africa. The addition of Gilbeys 100 retail outlets gave Rembrandt access to a total of 450 stores. South African Breweries responded by acquiring Union Wine, an self-reliant liquor retailer with 24 hotels and over 50 retail outlets. Once again, market conditions were not conducive to competition. The government, therefore, p roposed a rationalization program in which SAB would take over Rembrandts brewing interests and turn over its wine and spirits operations to an independent subsidiary called Cape Wine and Distillers.The program, executed in November 1979, also called for Rembrandt to turn over its Oude Meester wine and spirits operations to Cape Wines, in which SAB, Rembrandt, and the KWV wine growers cooperative each owned a 30 percent interest. The stay 10 percent interest was sold to private investors. Government Restrictions Led to More Diversification in the 1980s and Early 1990s By the earliest 1980s the South African governments system of racial separation (apartheid) and deteriorating social conditions for blacks had become internationalistic issues.Many business leaders openly called for change, but the government still prevented companies such as SAB from transferring capital out of South Africa through foreign investments. Often these companies had little choice but to reinvest their p urposeless capital in South African gauges, which in turn gave them a more crucial interest in the resolution of social and human rights problems within South Africa. Many foreign-owned companies, which faced fewer restrictions on divestment, sold their South African subsidiaries and closed their offices in South Africa.This trend made acquisitions by South African companies easier. SAB took over control of the ABI soft drink concern from Coca-Cola, and later added several clothing retailers, including Scotts Stores (acquired in 1981) and the Edgars chain (added in 1982). A government order in 1979 for SAB to sell its Solly Kramer retail liquor stores was bring to passd in 1986, five years before its deadline. Also in 1986 SAB established a joint venture with Ceres Fruit Juices to sell leading noncarbonated juice brands Ceres, Liquifruit, and Fruitee. In 1987 Murray B.Hofmeyer succeeded Cronje as chairman. Hofmeyer and his successor, Meyer Kahn, continued to diversify through acqu isition, adding Lion Match Company, the leading manufacturer of safety matches in Africa, in 1987 Da Gama Textiles Company, a leading South African textile manufacturer, in 1989 and the denture Glass Group, a manufacturer of glass and board products, in 1992. End of Apartheid Fueled Major Changes in the 1990s The dismantling of apartheid finally began in 1990, with the unbanning of electrical resistance political parties, including the African National Congress, and the step down of political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela.Major political changes rapidly followed. In 1991 the remaining apartheid laws were repealed. In 1992, an all-white referendum approved a new constitution that would lead to eventual free elections. Finally, in 1994, the first nationwide free elections were held and were won by the ANC, with Mandela elected president. SAB&mdashting largely out of self-interest since 85 percent of the beer in South Africa was purchased by blackswas well out in front of the political changes as it had begun to hire blacks in the early 1980s.By 1985 28 percent of salaried employees were black, a figure that come up to 48 percent by 1994. Nevertheless, the holy terror of a government-forced breakup of SABs beer monopoly hung over the company following the end of apartheid. Partly in response to this threat, and partially in response to the loosening of laws regarding foreign investment, the Kahn-led South African Breweries aggressively grow impertinent its home country starting in 1993. That year, SAB spent US$50 million for an 80 percent stake in Hungarys largest brewer, Dreher Breweries, the first of a series of moves into the emerging markets of central Europe.In 1996 the company gained joint control of two of the largest breweries in Poland, forest god Brewery and Tyskie Brewery, as well as three breweries in Romania and one in Slovakia. In 1994 SAB created a joint venture with Hong Kong-based China Resources Enterprise Limited by early 1998 th is joint venture had gained majority control of five breweries in China. A third area of foreign growth for SAB was in sub-Saharan Africa, where management control was gained of breweries in Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Ghana, Kenya, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and Uganda during this period.In August 1997 Kahn was appointed chief executive of the South African police service, nice the first civilian to hold the post. The outspoken Kahn, who had been vocal in calling for the rapid liberalization of the economy and for a restoration of law and order, was made amenable for cracking down on a national crime epidemic. Taking over as performing chairman of SAB was Cyril Ramaphosa, South Africas most heavy(a) black capitalist and a former militant trade unionist. By this time, South African Breweries was the worlds fourth largest brewer and had a rapidly expanding international brewing empire.The company was now free to unload its noncore businesses in order to co ncentrate more closely on brewing and its other beverage operations. Under Ramaphosa, it did just that. In late 1997 and early 1998 SAB divested its holdings in OK Bazaars, Afcol, and Da Gama Textiles, and announced that Lion Match and Conshu Holdings, a footwear maker, were also apparent to be jettisoned. These divestments were not proceeding quickly enough for some observers, but SAB had already managed to strengthen its overall position in the face of the continued threat of the breakup of its domestic beer monopoly.Selling off noncore assets was freeing up capital for additional investment in foreign breweries, which would further mitigate the impact of any government intervention. Principal Subsidiaries Southern Associated Maltsters (Pty. ) Ltd. SAB Hop Farms (Pty. ) Ltd. SAB International Holdings Inc. SAB International (Africa) B. V. (Netherlands) Botswana Breweries (Pty. ) Ltd. (40%) Kgalagadi Breweries (Pty. ) Ltd. (Botswana 40%) Swaziland Brewers (Pty. ) Ltd. (60%) Les otho Brewing Company (Pty. ) Ltd. (39%) Tanzania Breweries Ltd.(46%) Cervejas de Mozambique Limitada (65%) Zambian Breweries Plc (45%) Nile Breweries Limited (Uganda 40%) SAB International (Europe) B. V. (Netherlands) Dreher Breweries (Hungary 85%) lecher Browary Wielkopolski S. A. (Poland 32%) SC Vulturul S. A. (Romania 70%) Compania Cervecera de fag endarias S. A. (Spain 51%) SC Pitber S. A. (Romania 81%) SC Ursus S. A. (Romania 73%) Browary Tyskie Gorny Slask S. A. (Poland 45%) SAB International (Asia) B. V. (Netherlands) China Resources Enterprise Beverages Ltd. (49%) China Resources Shenyang chip Beer Co. Ltd.(China 44%) China Resources Dalian Brewery Co. Ltd. (49%) Shenzhen Cest Bon Food and Drink Co. Ltd. (China 33%) China Resources (Jilin) Brewery Co. Ltd. (90%) Delta Corporation Ltd. (Zimbabwe 23%) Seychelles Breweries Ltd. (20%) Accra Breweries Limited (Ghana 50. 5%) Amalgamated Beverage Industries Ltd. (68%) Coca-Cola Canners (Pty. ) Ltd. (24%) Can Vendors (Pty. ) Ltd. Appletiser South Africa (Pty. ) Ltd. Appletiser Pure Fruit Juices (Pty. ) Ltd. Ceres Fruit Juices (Pty. ) Ltd. (35%) Valaqua (Pty. ) Ltd. Associated Fruit Processors (Pty. ) Ltd. (50%) Traditional Beer Investments (Pty.) Ltd. Distillers Corporation (SA) Ltd. (30%) Stellenbosch Farmers Winery Group Ltd. (30%) Edgars Stores Ltd. (65%) Amalgamated Retail Ltd. (Amrel) (68%) Southern Sun Holdings Ltd. Plate Glass and Shatterprufe Industries Ltd. (68%) Da Gama Textile Company Ltd. (61%) The Lion Match Company Ltd. (71%) Conshu Holdings Ltd. (67%) International Expansion in the Post-Apartheid Era The dismantling of apartheid finally began in 1990, with the unbanning of opposition political parties, including the African National Congress (ANC), and the release of political prisoners, including Nelson Mandela.Major political changes rapidly followed. In 1991 the remaining apartheid laws were repealed. In 1992, an all-white referendum approved a new constitution that would lead to event ual free elections. Finally, in 1994, the first nationwide free elections were held and were won by the ANC, with Mandela elected president. SABacting largely out of self-interest given that 85 percent of the beer in South Africa was purchased by blackswas well out in front of the political changes as it had begun to hire blacks in the early 1980s.By 1985, 28 percent of salaried employees were black, a figure that rose to 48 percent by 1994. Nevertheless, the threat of a government-forced breakup of SABs beer monopoly hung over the company following the end of apartheid. Partly in response to this threat, and partly in response to the loosening of laws regarding foreign investment, the Kahn-led South African Breweries aggressively expanded outside its home country starting in 1993. That year, SAB spent $50 million for an 80 percent stake in Hungarys largest brewer, Dreher Breweries, the first of a series of moves into the emerging markets of central Europe.From 1995 to 1997 the comp any gained joint control of two of the largest breweries in Poland, Lech Brewery and Tyskie Brewery, as well as three breweries in Romania and one in Slovakia. In 1994 SAB created a joint venture with Hong Kong-based China Resources Enterprise Limited by early 1998 this joint venture had gained majority control of five breweries in China. A third area of foreign growth for SAB was in sub-Saharan Africa, where management control was gained of breweries in Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, Zambia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Ghana, Kenya, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, and Uganda during this period.In August 1997 Kahn was appointed chief executive of the South African police service, becoming the first civilian to hold the post. The outspoken Kahn, who had been vocal in calling for the rapid liberalization of the economy and for a restoration of law and order, was made responsible for cracking down on a national crime epidemic. Taking over as acting chairman of SAB was Cyril Ramaphosa, South Africas most prominent black capitalist and a former militant trade unionist.By this time, South African Breweries was the worlds fourth largest brewer and had a rapidly expanding international brewing empire. The company was now free to unload its noncore businesses in order to concentrate more closely on brewing and its other beverage operations. Under Ramaphosa, it did just that. From late 1997 through early 1999 SAB divested its holdings in OK Bazaars, Afcol, Da Gama Textiles, Edgars, Lion Match, and Conshu Holdings, a footwear maker. With the mid-1999 sale of Plate Glass, SAB had trimmed its holdings down to beer, soft drinks, wine and liquor, and hotels and gaming.The year 1999 was a pivotal year in SABs history for a host of other reasons as well. Seeking access to capital markets better endowed that those at home, the company in early 1999 shifted its headquarters back to Londonreincorporating itself as South African Breweries plcand moved its primary stock exchange listing from Johannes burg to London, retaining the former as a secondary listing. As part of its London listing, it raised ? 300 million to fund further international expansion. There were also changes on the management front.Kahn returned to the chairmanship, his two-and-a-half-year stint at the police service complete Ramaphosa remained on the board as a director. In addition, Graham Mackey, who had served as group managing director since 1997, was named chief executive in early 1999. On the international front, SAB acquired a stake in a sixth Chinese brewery in 1999 and began producing beer in Russia at Kaluga Brewing Company, which had been acquired the previous year. SABs two Polish breweries, Lech and Tyskie, were merged to form Kompania Piwowarska S. A.The most important brewery trans fulfill that year, however, occurred in October, when SAB acquired from Nomura International plc for $321 million a controlling interest in Pilsner Urquell and Radegast, two brewers in the Czechoslovakian Republic that combined comprised the leader (with a 44 percent market share) in a nation whose citizens consumed more beer per capita than anyone else in the world. The crown jewel of this plenitude was the Pilsner Urquell brand, the most famous Czech beer and the original pilsner, first produced at a brewery in Pilsen in 1842.SAB began laying plans to make Pilsner Urquell the companys flagship brand outside of Africa and to seek entree into developed markets through the export of this brand. Via this acquisition, South African Breweries became the leader of the central European beer market and jumped into third place among orbicular brewing titans. Moving into the Developed World As SABMiller, Early 2000s SABs drive into emerging markets continued in the early 2000s. South African Breweries entered the Indian beer market for the first time in 2000, taking a majority stake in Narang Breweries.Control of two more Indian brewers, Mysore Breweries and Rochees Breweries, was purchased the foll owing year. In April 2001 SAB and the Castel group, the two largest beverage companies on the African continent, entered into a strategic alliance whereby SAB exchanged a 38 percent interest in its African division (excluding South Africa) for a 20 percent stake in Castels beer business. SAB thus gained a share of a wider array of African breweries, and the two partners also agreed to seek investments in new African markets via 50-50 joint ventures.Also in 2001 SAB entered into a new joint venture in China with the Sichuan Blue sword Breweries Group, which owned ten breweries in Sichuan province. SAB now had interests in more than two dozen Chinese breweries and had positioned itself as that nations number two brewer, trailing only Tsingtao. Yet another development in 2001 was that South African Breweries became the first international brewer to enter the Central American market.In November the company acquired a 97 percent stake in Cerveceria Hondurena, S.A. , the sole brewer and the largest bottler of soft drinks (Coca-Cola) in Honduras, from the Dole Food Company Inc. for $537 million. Simultaneously, SAB and the prominent Meza family of El Salvador created a joint venture called BevCo Ltd. to which SAB contributed its new Honduran holding and the Meza family contributed the bulk of its brewing, soft drink, and bottled water businesses in El Salvador. By fiscal 2002, just eight years after its first brewing acquisition outside of Africa, 55 percent of SABs $4.36 billion in revenues were derived from its non-South African operations. This figure would shoot up to an even more remarkable 75 percent just one year later following the companys boldest move yetits coup of Miller Brewing Company, the number two beer maker in the worlds largest beer market, the United States, whose main brands included Miller factual Draft, Miller towering Life, Miller Lite, and Milwaukees Best. Consummated in July 2002, the down consisted of a stock swap with Millers owner, P hilip Morris Companies Inc., that was valued at $3. 48 billion.SAB additionally captive $2 billion in Miller debt. Upon completion of the acquisition, SAB changed its name to SABMiller plc and was now the worlds number two brewer, behind only Anheuser-Busch. Philip Morris (which changed its name to Altria Group, Inc. in 2003) became the biggest SABMiller shareholder with a 36 percent economic interest and 25 percent of the voting rights (the total at which it was capped) and also gained three seats on the SABMiller board. Miller had recorded 2001 revenues of $4.24 billion but had for some time been losing market share to the number one and number three U. S. players, Anheuser-Busch and Adolph Coors Company, respectively. SABMiller took immediate action to try to reverse Millers fortunes, announcing that one of Millers nine U. S. breweries would be closed, and bringing in a new CEO for Miller, Norman Adami, who had headed up the South African brewery operations of SABMiller. In Marc h 2003, in a further pullback from noncore operations, SABMiller moved its entire hotel and gaming interests into a new company called Tsogo Sun Holdings (Pty.)Ltd. , which was to be majority controlled by black empowerment company Tsogo Investments. SABMiller held an initial 49 percent interest in the new company but said that it intended to continue to reduce its hospitality holdings. Despite having just completed the Miller acquisition, the company did not shy away from making additional purchases and deals. Early in 2003 Browar Dojlidy, a brewer in northeastern Poland, was acquired for $38 million. In June SABMiller made its first major investment in Western Europe, buying a 60 percent stake in Birra Peroni S.p. A. , the number two brewing company in Italy, for EUR 246 million ($279 million).Later in 2003 Peroni ended its licensed brewing and selling of the Budweiser brand in Italy and instead started import sales of Miller Genuine Draft. Similar synergies between SABMillers inc reasingly global operations were being implemented, such as the launch of Pilsner Urquell and Miller Genuine Draft in South Africa in early 2003 and the introduction of Miller Genuine Draft into several more European countries, including Russia, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Poland.Over in Asia, SABMiller consolidated its operations in India under Mysore Breweries the operations of Mysore were then consolidated with the brewing operations of Shaw Wallace and Company Limited, the second largest brewing group in India, to form a joint venture called Shaw Wallace Breweries Limited, 50 percent owned by Mysore. This deal cost SABMiller $132. 8 million. The firm spent an additional HK$675 million ($87 million) for a 29.6 percent stake in Harbin Group Limited, Chinas fourth largest brewer and the leader in that countrys northeastern region. The SABMiller of the early 21st century, a globally active company with a hasty focus on beveragesmainly beerwas a far different company from the a partheid-era SAB, which was centered largely in South Africa where it had diversified interests. SABM.

Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector- Assessments Essay

Role, responsabilities and boundaries of teacher in the teaching/ training cycle. The key aspects of current legislative requirements and codes of figure relevant to your field of view and the type of organisation within which you would like to work. Expalin how you could promote inclusion, equality and diversity with your current / future learners. Identify other points of referral available to meet the potential ineluctably of learners. develop the ways in which you would establish ground rules with your learners, and which underpin behaviour and respect for others.Explain ways to embed elements of functional skills in your specialist area. Explain the need for keeping records and describe the types of records you would maintain. State the different assessment methods available and explain the ones you would use for your subject area, including reference to initial assessment. State the types of assessment records you would collar and explain why. Produce a learning programme/ scheme of work in your subject area, for a minimum of six posings (the length of each session is to be agreed between yourself and your instill).Produce session plan(s) (these can be from the scheme of work or different) for a minimum of 30 minutes. Deliver the micro-teaching practice session(s), demonstrating a selection of teaching and learning approaches to engage and motivate learners. You need to communicate appropriately and effectively with learners. You must not deliver the same aforethought(ip) session more than once (total 30 minutes of delivery). Explain and justify the reasons behind your choice of teaching and learning approaches and use of resources for one of your delivered sessions.Obtain feedback from your peers and tutor/observer, and complete a self evaluation to refelct and evaluate the effectiveness of your own teaching. Give feedback to your peers regarding their delivery. (Peer feedback is applicable to micr-teach sessions only). Complete a reflective learn ing journal later on each assessment task completed and/ or session attended throughout the PTLLS programme. At the end of the programme, complete a summative profile and action mechanism plan.

Psychology and Coon

Interview Interpretation Sheet Your Name Mic cite Beaty Directions revel provide substantive answers to the following questions regarding the in formation you gathered from your interviewees. Plan on at least 150300 words per question written in complete sentences and full paragraphs. You may use a separate Word document instead of this worksheet if you prefer to complete your answers in a paper format (including a title page to identify your work). Please submit either this completed sheet or your Word document paper as your assignment. 1.Describe both common elements among the statements made by your subjects. I interviewed three different subjects on the rendering of psychological science and the usage of psychologists. During the interviews I conducted all of the subjects shared the same notion of psychology being the psychoanalyse of sort. Two of the subjects were of the same belief that psychologist record data accurately or inaccurately and waste resources. 2. How do th e notions about psychology shared by your subjects differ from the definition of psychology described by cacomixle and Mitterer?Although all the subjects I interviewed said psychology is the study of behavior that differs from the definition of psychology according to Coon and Mitterer in the introduction to Psychology textbook. The textbook defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes (Coon & Mitterer 2010). The subjects I interviewed were partly correct in there description of psychology but they did not describe it as a scientific study just a study of behavior. 3.Describe any major misconceptions your subjects may have about psychology based on what they shared during their interviews. The subjects I interviewed had very different beliefs on what the role of psychologists was or the functions of their position. whatsoever of the subjects were very skeptical of the work that psychologists do and their effectiveness at their position. Another subj ect had a misconception of a psychologist being just a head-shrinker who sits and listens to problems and talks people through their issues.There are many different forms of psychology that the subjects didnt mention. They had notion of psychologists just siting and taking notes on peoples behavior instead of recognizing the scientific studies and experiments that lead to factual findings. I think the biggest misconception of psychologists among my subjects was the inability to look past just the study of behavior and inject the scientific manner to the study. 4. Describe how your subjects perceptions of psychology related to the four goals of psychology as described in the Coon and Mitterer text.The four goals stated in psychology gateways to the mind by Coon and Mitterer are description, understanding, divination, and govern. The subjects that I interviewed all had the description portion of the four goals correct. Answering psychological questions often begins with a careful description of behavior ( Coon & Mitterer). The way you get a description of behavior is by studying the behavior in which all the subjects agreed upon.I think the some of the subjects related to the control aspect of the goals because they had been in teaching profession in which it is a controlled environment to get results. Although I was not able to gage the perceptions on understanding and prediction I predict that they had knowledge of these elements do to their educational backgrounds. 5. How do your subjects views relate to the main ideas of the theories and contemporary views ( such as the biological perspective, cognitive view, sociocultural perspective, et cetera) introduced in Chapter 1 of the Coon and Mitterer text?The subjects I interviewed were I believe the subjects I interviewed relate to the biological perspective. Two of the subjects I interviewed were teachers and they indicated genetics playing a role in behavior. They had seen a variety of different students fr om different backgrounds and concluded that the genetic make-up of students have an effect on behavior. That also speaks to the psychological perspective behavioristic view. The key idea in this view as stated by (Coon & Mitterer) Behavior is shaped and controlled by ones environment.These subjects taught kids in different environments and seen behaviors change with the use of control. 6. Describe your subjects demographics, such as gender, age, and education level. Identify any differences and similarities in their responses that may be based on these demographic factors. Out of the subjects I interviewed two were women and one was a male. All three subjects were in the age range between 45-65. All of these subjects have attended college and two of them obtained masters degrees in different palm outside of psychology.All of these subjects that I interviewed stated that they believed psychology was the study of behavior. The differences that these subjects had were on the role of t he psychologist. Two of these subjects had very misanthropical ideas on how effective and important a psychologist is. Some of the statements by these two subjects were along the lines of psychologists being a waste of resources or interpreting data incorrectly. The third subject was from the belief of a psychologist role as being able to assist a client by building relationships and trust to resolve issues.Although these subjects had similar educational backgrounds as well as being relatively in the same age group I believe there could be different elements that give them different prospective. The two cynical subjects are racially different from the third party which may have an effect on the different prospective. They also come from a different set which may give them a different prospective or preconceived notion on psychologists. References Coon, D. , & Mitterer, J, (2010). Introduction to Psychology Gateways To Mind And Behavior (12 ed. ) Belmont, CA wadsworth

“Pandemic or Panic” (2010) by Brian Molloy Analysis

In the article Pandemic or Panic (2010) by Brian Molloy and the article Hindsight is easy (2010) by Erica orchard, they both discuss the way WHO response to the outbreak of H1N1 influenza and they present different perspectives on how the money was spent on and how the resource was distributed. Molloy is torpid about the WHOs response of H1N1 influenza outbreak, while Molloy is highly skeptical. First, Molloy argues that WHO send everyone into a panic about H1N1, but it is not the threat people imaged it to be.Grove, however, states that it is demand for the WHO and the government to takethe threat of H1N1 seriously. Next, Molloy claims that British government spend a lot of money on vaccine which makes two major pharmaceutical companies imbibe billions from swine flu, and there is a conflict of interest between the government and drug manufactures. He believes that this money should be spent on a right role like helping disable instead of treating flu. Grove also believes that there is a mismanagement of the distribution of vaccine. Discussion Molloy claims that the WHO and the government spends massive expenditure on doses of vaccine, while the death ratefor H1N1 is far low than for ordinary influenza.He criticizes the reports of H1N1 cases are exaggerated which send people into a panic about H1N1. By contrast, Grove states that the WHO did not overreact to the crisis. Rather, she feels grateful that the authorities took the threat of a pandemic seriously. She also points out that everything is always better to overprepare than to underprepare. Molloy appears to have overlooked that the powerful of computer virus can be. In fact, there are a couple of factors like infectivity, severity and lethality which can all affect the strength of a virus.Transmission is also a key factor to determine how the virus spread and be identified. As Molloy mentions that the death rate for H1N1 is relatively low than for ordinary pandemic, it does not mean that H1N1 is a w eak influenza. Perhaps the low death rate is due to early trace the source, infected people are well isolated from the rest of the company in order to control the spread of H1N1, or synthesis of a new vaccine by scientists in a short period of time. These could be one of the reasons of why the death rate for H1N1 is low. In this sense, Molloy fail to notice that.

Healthy Ways of Keeping Fit

There be a hatch of ways to carry fit. The important thing is that you find an exercise that you enjoy doing and that you stick with it. There is a variety of things you can do. You can run, walk, swim, bike, go hiking, do yoga, lots of different methods for keeping fit. Another pleasant way is to go dancing. Dancing is a very good aerobic activity, requires physical liveliness and burn down a lot of calories. The other thing that is significant is making sure that you follow a wholesome diet. You want to make sure that you have enough strength to do these activities that you actually enjoy doing to keep your body fit.Therefore, following a healthy diet means ensuring that you eat when you be hungry, you stop eating when you argon full, you include plenty of different types of fruits and vegatables, whole grains, things like brown rice, oatmeal millet, all those types of things are considered whole grains. You also want to include some type of lean protein whether thats fro m legumes, beans such as pinto beans, garbanzos, or seafood or lean cuts of meat or poultry without the skin. Any of those are sources of lean proteins that are very beneficial for your body.And again, that particular method of eating will make sure that you have the energy that you need to actually perform these different types of activities you enjoy doing. So when you find the activity you like, try to do it several times a week at least 4 to 5 times a week will really help improve your level of fitness. More than that can actually hold you to lose weight if you are trying to actually lose weight. As you see there are several different ways of keeping feet. It can be any type of physical activity that you enjoy doing.

I Never Expected This Essay

Hey guys, Im writing my English exam soon, and would re totallyy prise it if you tush give me some suggestions one how to improve this piece. The word limit is 400450, so Im a little over the limit here. Topic is This is the story of a young world/woman who was able to escape from a difficult past to obligate a success of his/her life.My analyzeThis is the story of a young woman who was able to escape from a difficult past to make a success of I tuned off the school principals voice at this point, ignoring his disturbed gestures and flying spittle.I was eight then. The man came out of nowhere, and I remember pain, horror, screech, torn clothes, more screamingIt was only afterwards, in the hospital, that I understood what had happened to me. Twenty years ago the society wasnt on the button sympathetic towards rape victims it still isnt today.Principal Clarkes voice pulled me back to reality. I stood up to the pitiful round of applause, and walked up the stage. As I looked down , half(a) the students were dozing off and most of the other half had a snicker on their face. I putted on a smile, and began to tell my story in a grave voice how I struggled to live with my past how my family gave me hope and support how, after years of unsaid work, I finally became a bestselling author. It is a boring old story, nonhing unheard of before. And if this speech managed to overturn all the same one of these students, it would be nothing short of a miracle.Of course, there are things that a racy school guest speaker just cannot include in her speech. For example, the way my mother indulged in divers(a) substances after my incident, and my father and I never sent her to the rehabilitation centre for the fear of even more publicity.Or better, how I found my puppy strangled and hung from a tree one day, the language WHORE in red paint glistening right behind him. And the fact that my ex-boyfriend had left with all my money last year, leaving me too heartbroken to write is definitely unmentionable. If it was not for this, I would not have been stuck at this little school, allowing people to dig up my past for a minuscule payment in return. There are some things that a person simply cannot look past.I sit down back down, and endured another hour of the old principals speech. Apparently, according to Principal Clarke, if I can live with been raped then the students can surely get over their teenage issues and focus on learning instead. His words are not what finally pushed me over the edge, though. It was his the way he looked at me as if I am some pathetic, filthy stray dog. I caught his eyes when he turned towards me again, and smiled until he hurriedly looked away.The next morning I rose early, and in the aroma of fresh coffee listened to the communicate news reporting the shocking, gruesome death of a certain high school principal. I hummed to myself, and started type my new story.

Compare and Contrast the Ways in Which Shakespeare and Webster Present Hamlet and Bosola as Tragic Heroes. Essay

Bosola from Websters The Duchess of Malfi and village from Shakespeargons Hamlet, twain present elements of Aristotles model of the sad hero through both of the graphemes, Shakespe atomic number 18 and Webster use the features of the tragic hero to engage Elizabethan and Jacobean audiences in an exploration of issues linked to the Renaissance, religion and philosophy. This essay im place explore how the playwrights present the tragic flaws in their heroes reference and how they face struggles due to their inner conflict and may exhibit villainous behavior hardly are non complete tyrants. Greek philosopher Aristotle recorded his ideas ab surface tragedy dramas and the tragic hero in his say book of literary theory titled Poetics (335 BCE), the book was rediscovered during the Renaissance and became commonly used as a playwriting manual. Aristotle stated that the tragic hero is a character of noble stature and has greatness exactly although they are seen as pre-eminently gre at, they are non perfect.The tragic heros d avowfall will get into down to being mainly of their own doing through the result of free choice rather than slash or villainy or some other malevolent fate. Aristotle characterised the tragic hero as discovering hamartia which is usually translated as tragic flaw. Thither is too some increase in awareness and a sense of disco actually upon the part of the tragic hero. Hamlets biggest flaw in character is that he over philosophises and delays killing Claudius up until it is too late for his family and himself. After he decides Claudius is guilty of murdering his father, he distillery relents from taking his revenge, he says Haste me to know t, that I, with wings as swift/ As surmise or the thought of love/ May sweep to my revenge. (Act I, scene V). This quote displays Hamlets deep relish for revenge, the words are powerful and using words much(prenominal) as swift gives the impression that he will not delay in taking action sugges ting that he is set up, however the juxtaposing simile implant within the quote is soft and suggests Hamlets cogitating over thoughts of love possibly his love for Ophelia, meditation also implies that he d rises in deep thought.Hamlet procrastinates a lot throughout the play metalworker says that due to his brooding and introspective nature, he often wrangles with language to help him understand a universe w present he has little control. Hamlets famous to be or not to be monologue questions the righteousness of life over demolition in moral terms and discusses the m all possible reasons for either living or dying, this does howevershow the audience Hamlets humanity, Shakespeare can also use his character to engage with the prevalent philosophical ideas during the Renaissance period Judkins states that the Renaissance embraces a serial of religious, economic, and political changes which ripple into areas of science, literature, and philosophy, at a time of change and new idea s many writers such as Shakespeare would occupy been interested in the ideas explored during the Renaissance and so create characters to reflect it. One font of Hamlets dilemma reflecting the debates in Elizabethan society, is linked to morality and law Hamlet finds himself part between his desire for revenge but also his philosophizing over the futility of life J. J. Lawlor argues that the avenger delays, not from despair or indecision which are finally rejected in favour of the duty of revenge, but be driving there is a scruple about revenge itself.Hence, Hamlets scrupling reflects a man trap in changing times between the Medieval Age when bloody revenge was accepted and the Tudor era of legal reformation where private revenge was outlawed. Bosola also shows internal conflict which could imply that he fits Aristotles model of the tragic hero, however it is shown more through his asides rather than soliloquies as shown in Hamlet. Bosola is very bitter towards the system and the authority the country is ruled, with those above him abusing their power but still he continues to transport out his ways, due to his greed poisoning his morals, it can be said he is plagued by his own melancholy and will only debate the consequences afterwards. Boas suggests that the tragic hero is made to feel him-self caught in a situation over which he has little control but in which he must counterbalance some decision, however futile. But the unhappy out-come always emerges from his decision. He must choose and cannot choose well, so although Bosola chooses to avenge the duchess he kills her, her children, Antonio and himself in the process.It could also be said that Bosola fails to redeem himself because his actions are determined by revenge, after he kills the Cardinal and Ferdinand he says, no(prenominal) my revenge is perfect. Sink, thou main cause/ Of my undoing The last part of my life/ Hath d iodin me best service (Act V, shooting, V). Like Shakespeare, Websters innovation of inner conflict in his protagonist also seems to suggest that the path of private retribution is multiform and will lead to destruction. Bosola does also come to terms with his fate existential nihilists claim that, to be honest, one must face the absurdityof existence, that he/she will eventually die (Unknow Author). Bosola states that people are provided the stars tennis balls (Act V, Scene IV) that a persons fate is already mapped out and everything is inevitable so Bosola feels like a victim of circumstance. John F Buckingham states that perhaps there is also an etymological entailment in Websters adjustment of the source name, Bozola to a new spelling that references the word Bossola Italian for a mariners compass, pointing up the irony that Bosolas own final journey is directionless, away from arbitrator. It could be said that Hamlet also comes to terms with his fate and carries it upon his shoulders like a burden. The time is out of joint O cursed spite, that ever I was born to set it right (Act I, Scene V), here it could be said that Hamlet indisputably feels that he was born to avenge his fathers death, thus he vows to dedicate his life to vengeance.In the final scene Hamlet realizes that a person should be ready to accept the undeniable fact that death will come Hamlet says to Horatio, Theres circumscribed providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, tis not to come if it be not to come, it will be now if it be not now, yet it will come. The readiness is all (Act V, Scene II). both Hamlet and Bosola show villainous behaviour, but it can be argued that they arent in fact exclusively evil. Hamlet soon finds himself acting upon passion and is at least at crucial moments of his experience, passions slave, as in his castigation of Ophelia and, more tragically, in his murder of her father (Allan). Hamlet is not a bad person yet the pressure and intensity of his vengeance tears away at him he finds himself acting sometimes rashly an d uncertainly, and in the case of Polonius murder, he does not initially show any signs of remorse as he looks down on him calling him a wretched, rash, intruding fool (Act III, Scene IV), which suggests he is almost saying it is Polonius fault for getting involved and does not take responsibility. Hamlets actions are caused by his desire to avenge his father the old king Hamlet who was murdered by his brother Claudius and so it could be argued that had Hamlet not known thatClaudius murdered his father, he would not have carried out the murders and would therefore not be villainous, as Hamlet was loved by the people and was known to be a smart scholar who went to university. Shakespeare uses Ophelia to reflect these views when she says, O what a noble mind is here oerthrown (Act III, Scene I). Hamlet did not int halt onhurting his loved ones in the branch and should not be seen as evil as his aims were to only avenge his father. Allan comments that, violence of word and accomplish ment do not come naturally to Hamlets reflective and moral temperament. On the other hand, amateur Augustus Schlegel argues that Hamlet has a natural inclination for crooked ways he is a hypocrite towards himself his far-fetched scruples are often mere pretexts to cover up his want of determination, this suggests that Hamlet is just as Machiavellian as Claudius but this reading would be too simple, and does not consider the impact of Hamlets humanity which is evident in his delay and conflicting thoughts. Bosola however is more entangled in Machiavellian scheming, serving the Duchess brothers, the Cardinal and Ferdinand, and so it could be said that he is not in fact a villain but instead just a working man. Bosola refers to himself as their creature (Act I, Scene I) with its connotations of unthinking, subjection and inhumanity, Bosola carries out their deeds for his own material gain seemingly regardless of his morals most believably due to his bitterness and discontent with soc ial structure and other existing conditions. Bosola is a key part of the plot and acts as a spy and a murderer but although it was his choice to have this way of life, in the end he stands for his beliefs.Bosola has already been to prison which implies he is criminal, but during his asides, it is evident that he is not an evil assailant but a man doing a job, For the good deed you have through me, I must do all the ill man can invent. He recognizes the consequences of his actions and feels remorse, for example, when Bosola is tell to kill the Duchess, he cannot face her as his true self due to his sympathy towards her and so he disguises himself C. G. Thayer states that having caused the Duchess so much agony already, Bosola cannot now bear to have her recognize him as he comes to finagle her murder, or, more simply, that he is a dauntd to appear in his own fix. This idea of the counterfeit shape links to Machiavellian ideas but also links to his own sense of morality and feeling towards the Duchess and Antonio and his shame for how he is ruining their family and lives. Bosola cannot be seen to be a villain completely as at the end of play he plans to kill the Cardinal for making him kill all those people and for committing crimes, hoping to help lighten Antonio, and although he kills Antonio accidently, he did change his ways and tried to help, this is an excellent example of how Bosola resembles the tragic hero excogitation. In conclusion it is clear that Hamlet fits the model of the tragic hero and it is evident that Bosola also fits the characteristics of a tragic hero.Smith describes Hamlet as the quintessential tragic hero. Not only does he begin with the noblest motivations but by the end, his situation is so dire that the only plausible final act should be his death. If we consider Bosola as the malcontent of the play, the audience can see he tends to view things cynically, and makes numerous censorious comments on the nature of Renaissance societ y. Bell states that Bosola also acts as a choric figure at regular intervals during the play and he often makes judgements on the other characters and the series of events. However despite these more seemingly malcontent traits, it is evident that he can also be seen as a figure resembling the tragic hero. Hamlet and Bosola both display a tragic flaw in character, both display villainous behavior yet it is clear that they both have a sense of morality, neither character realize the right thing to do until the end of both plays and so fail to attain happiness. Shakespeare and Webster both use the traits of the tragic hero to engage in and explore topics which were being challenged and revamped by the discoveries of the Renaissance period.BibliographyAllan, Phillip. Hamlet Phillip Allan Literature Guide for A-Level. Hodder Education Oxford shire, 2011. Bell, Millicent. Hamlet, Revenge The Hudson Review, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Summer, 1998), pp. 310-328. Boas, George. The Evolution of the Tra gic Hero. The Carleton Drama Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, Greek Tragedy (1955 1956), pp. 5-21. Buckingham, John F. The Dangerous Edge of Things John Websters Bosola in Context & Performance, 2011. Judkins, David. bearing in Renaissance England Online available at Lawlor, J.J. The Tragic Conflict in Hamlet. The Review of English Studies. R.E.S revolutionary Series, Vol 1, No. 2, 1950. Schelegel, Augustus William. Criticisms on Shakespeares Tragedies Hamlet. Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London, 1846. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. Norton and Company New York, 1992, pp. 155-7. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2005. Smith, Nicole. Shakespeares Hamlet as a Tragic Hero Online available at Thayer, C. G. The Ambiguity of Bosola. Studies in Philology, Vol. 54, No.2 (Apr., 1957), pp. 162-171. (Unknown Author) nihilistic delusion Onlineavailable atWebster, John. The Duchess of Malfi. London Methuen drama, 2001.