Unemployment Rate – Article Review

THE country's unemployment rate currently stands at 3. 1 per cent compared with the 3. 4 per cent last year, the Dewan Negara heard yesterday. Deputy Human Resources Minister Datuk Maznah Mazlan said the government was fully harnessing its workforce to keep the unemployment rate at four per cent and below. This was because according to international standards, this was considered full employment. â€Å"According to the Statistics Department, the percentage of unemployment last year was 3. 4 per cent or 387,9000 people. Of the total, 65,500 were graduates. â€Å"In the first quarter of this year, the unemployment percentage dropped to 3. per cent or 381,300. Of the number 71,600 were graduates,† she said responding to Senator Khoo Soo Seang. Maznah said the government had implemented measures to assist unemployed graduates. These included offering a short service scheme with government departments, opportunities for apprenticeship and internship, and the 1Malaysia Training Sch eme. Under the short service scheme, graduates who have not secured jobs in six months after completing their studies have the opportunity to intern at participating government linked companies for a year and receive an allowance of RM1,000 a month. Upon completion, the GLCs will assist in finding permanent positions for them. â€Å"The programmes are to enhance the graduates' marketability and provide exposure so that they do not have to rely on the government for employment but can start their own businesses,† she said. Article about During 2011 the employment rate decreases from 3. 4% to 3. 1% due to the government effort to control all the recourse and to maintain the unemployment rate under 4%. Based on the international standard the unemployment rate of 4% and below considered as full employment. Although the number of people that unemployed are decreasing but the number of unemployed graduates are increasing. Due to this situation, the government had executed measures to help graduates to get a job. The government offer a short service scheme which give a job opportunity to them besides giving them skills and internship. The allowance are also provided under the short service scheme. This will help to give the graduates exposure and encourage them to do their own business instead of relying on the government for the job. Analysis. Based on the article, we can conclude that the type of unemployment that we can see is frictional unemployment. This type of the unemployment occurs when people are in between jobs, entering and reentering the labor force. This may happen when fresh graduates are actively seeking for a job. The numbers of unemployed graduates increase by 9. 3% maybe due to the lack of soft skills and experience that most employers seek. The measure that the government took to control the unemployment is direct control measure, which is providing training and technical education and job creation in various sectors in an economy. The governments want to encourage the graduates to own a business because when there are more trade and transaction, the government revenue will increase. This will lead to economic growth and therefore can increase in GDP. The effects of decreasing the unemployment rate The first effect of decreasing unemployment rate is the incomes will increases. This will lead towards to more buying power and accelerating the inflation rate. Thus, this will effect to the distribution of income, the savings, production cost and balance of trade. The second effect of unemployment is new businesses will have a hard time succeeding, because everyone is already employed, who is going to work for them? New businesses will have to raise wages to entice people to work there which again raises wages and lowers profits to a point where it makes no sense to even start the business. Great levels of unemployment are around 3-5%. The pros and cons of decreasing unemployment rate The pro of decreasing unemployment rate is increase of income and self-respect. Secondly, increase the job skills. Thirdly, decrease social and political problems. Fourthly, the GNP gap becomes narrower because the GNP gap will almost towards to potential GNP. The contras of decreasing unemployment rate are inflation will occur and the new business will have hard time to survive. The effect of decreasing rate of unemployment towards society The first effect is employment may bring a increase in social outings and interactions with other people, including friends. Secondly, employment the competition for jobs and the negotiation power of the individual increases and thus also the living standard of people with the salaries packages and income higher. Thirdly, employment also brings up calm and steadiness amongst the tax paying citizens. For the fresh graduate employees, they will not face burden to settle their loans. Recommendation or solution The first solution is, government can use progressive tax rate depends on the number of employees and use the current Malaysia Corporate Tax. If we use this method, the company in Malaysia will hire more employees in order to decrease the corporate tax and lead to the zero unemployment rates. The second solution is government can open up Malaysian mind to new kind of industry that can make the Earth as better place in the future. For example, this legislation would create an estimated 3 million new jobs by opening closed areas of the Outer Continental Shelf which is between Malaysia and Brunei for oil and gas exploration, and streamlining the licensing of nuclear power plants. This also would create royalty revenues for the government that the bill directs to a new trust fund that can promote renewable energy.

hould Kroger Pay Now For What Ralphs’ Employee Did Then? Essay

CASE 1. Should Kroger Pay Now For What Ralphs’ Employee Did Then? Question 1: Assuming that the store and district managers of Ralphs received complaints about Misiolek’s behavior starting in 1985, but that these complaints did not reach Ralph’s headquarters in Compton, do you believe that the judge is right in holding that the company as a whole should not be held responsible for his actions? Should the company be held responsible for policies that prevent complaints from reaching headquarters? Ralphs Grocery Co. should be held responsible because Ralphs’ management did not facilitate feedback, complaints from employee to headquarter. There was also no control mechanism on Ralphs Grocery Co. The most important thing that should be underlined is In April 1996 several women already complained to Ralph’s management but the company did not take any action to discipline Misiolek. Misiolek was not removed from his position as store manager, but instead moved the complaining women to other stores. Question 2: What kind of penalty do you believe would be appropriate for Ralphs? In your view, was the $33.3 million penalty excessive? Explain. The penalty should be compensatory and punitive damages. It would be such a good idea based on compensatory justice principal. The $33.3 million penalty is excessive depending on how much the cost to rehabilitate the victims and how much the victims were aggrieved. I conclude that $33.3 million penalty was excessive because the psychological impact for some employees was not seriously same with. Except for those who was grabbed, touched, patted, hugged, touched their breasts which was way more offensive should be give much more than rehabilitation cost penalty. Question 3: Should Kroger have to pay for events that happened before it took over the chain of supermarkets? Ethically Kroger should not pay at all. But actually it depends on the acquisition contract between Kroger with Fred Meyer and Fred Meyer with  Ralphs. Question 4: Many states (but not California) adopt federal rules that place a cap of $300,000 on punitive damages in harassment cases. Is such a cap a good idea from an ethical point of view? Explain. In consideration same with question number two, so it is not good idea for flattening punishment. It should meet the cost to rehabilitate the victims and how much the victims were aggrieved. Jail punishment should be considered. Question 5: What can a company do to make sure that a situation like Misiolek’s does not occur? Why do you think Ralph’s allowed Misiolek to continue managing stores? A policy that should be exist are written with zero-tolerance policy prohibiting sexual harassment, conduct some control mechanism by facilitating employee feedback, online complain media, supervisory for manager, All complaints must thoroughly investigated. Ralphs allowed Misiolek to continue managing store because of his capability to achieve profits at the stores that he manage and of achieving excellent bottom line figures at those stores. CASE 2. Wal-Mart’s Women Question 1: What financial impact do you think the lawsuit could potentially have on Wal-Mart? If the law suit was successful the company would have to pay all the compensation amount which was around 86 million dollars to its entire 1.6 million female employees .Which in short would be a big blow to the company’s financials, and also with the deteriorating image caused by the issue they might possibly lose out on an considerable amount of customers leading to further financial implications. It would also result in higher prices in the store because the company would try to make up for all the loss incurred cause of the particular suit. Question 2: What are the major moral complaints of the females suing Wal-Mart? Do you believe these moral complaints are justified? Why? The major complaints launched by the women were that the company (wal-mart)  discriminated against female employees in promotions pay, management training and job assignments. The women stated that promotions in wal-mart were biased towards men, where men were promoted much faster and at a much frequent rate then women. They also stated that there was a pay gap between men and women where two people of different gender on the same positions were paid differently and women were often paid fairly lower than the men. I think feel the complaints are valid. If you are in a job and you see other coworkers getting hired whom are less qualified than you are then I think that the complaints are valid. If more than one complaint is being made about the company then an investigation is warranted. The complaints are justified if you apply for a position or inquire about a position and the company doesn’t give you an opportunity but then turn around and hire a male whom is less qualified than you are. That’s reason to make a concrete decision and go forward. I would have done the exact same thing. Question 3: What factors do you think might account for the discrepancies the Drogin report uncovered? 1) wrong perception of higher level employees towards females. 2) Subjective analysis of performance 3) Biased promotion policies 4)Lack of clearly stated promotion criteria and wage structure. Question 4: What, if anything, do you think Wal-Mart should do to correct these discrepancies? Should the company institute an â€Å"affirmative action† promotion program for female employees? If so, what should this program look like? To correct the above issues wal-mart should try and place an monitoring system which would monitor the promotion procedure and the ratio in which male and female employees are promoted, try and specify the promotion criteria and wage structures and make it’s even for all employees regardless of their gender so as to avoid situations like this in the future. Strict action and measures should be taken against people encouraging gender discrimination in the company i.e the managers as stated in the case. Question 5: Do you think the women deserve to win their lawsuit?

Geothermal Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Geothermal Energy - Research Paper Example The researcher states that the heat from the Earth is called geothermal energy and have many advantages as it is renewable and does not spoil the environment. It is renewable because the heat emanating from the earth's interiors is virtually limitless. There are many countries worldwide including U.S that produce geothermal energy in a considerable amount. This paper focuses on the origin of the geothermal energy, scientific principles on which it is based and how it is being harnessed safeguarding our environment. The paper also looks into the cost of production of geothermal energy and other cost economics when compared with the energy produced from fossil fuels. According to the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act of 1980 and the National Energy Policy Act of 1992, geothermal energy is a renewable resource. The reason being rainwater continue to feed the underground aquifers. The Earth's heat is an inexhaustible and continuous source of energy. It is an established fact, mentioned by the researcher that geothermal energy has a promising future due to its environmentally friendly nature and being a renewable type. The cost economics tilt hugely in favor of this renewable source of energy and recent advances in drilling and exploration technology will make it more lucrative in coming years. Global warming and ecological disturbances throughout the world necessitates the use of natural and clean energy resource replacing the fossil fuel based energy as much as possible.

From Buddha to his pupils Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

From Buddha to his pupils - Essay Example I want you to be aware of the difference between being Buddhist and Buddhic. First of all, Buddhism is a philosophy, not a theology. In Jesus Christ you can find a theology, but in me you can find a philosophy than can be integrated into Christianism. To be Buddhist means to be a follower of Buddha.To be Buddhic means to be a little Buddha in miniature himself or herself. To be Christian means to be a follower of Christ. To be Christic means to be a little Christ in miniature. You have to know these distinctions. Buddhism is a path to stop suffering, but Christianism is a path to adore and worship God. You have to know how to integrate Buddhism and Christianism into one simple way of life. First you have to be Buddhist, then you have to be Christian. Then you have to be Buddhic, then you have to Christic. At the end you will be Buddhic-Christic. You will be a little Buddha-Christ in miniature. You will see that reincarnation is an evolutionary step to resurrection. You will see that reintegration with God or the Highest Being is in fact Universal Salvation. Follow the Four Noble Truths and read carefully the Bible. Integrating Buddhism as a philosophy and Christianism as a theology will guide you through the right path. The Four Noble Truths will guide to Christ. Christ will guide you to the Universal Father according to the Book of Urantia. You have to be eclectic at all times. You have to keep your minds open to knowledge. Not to Gnosis, but to Epi-Gnosis according to John 17:3. Gnosis is knowledge, but Epi-Gnosis is Correct Knowledge. You will stop suffering when you kill your egoistic impulses of desire. The solution is to integrate Buddha and Christ into one body of Epi-Gnosis. Don't be afraid. You will see the light when you become Universalists. Satori will be accomplish at any time. You will live in a perpetual Nirvana that will lead you to Mahanirvana. Don't be afraid to study the Bible. But don't distort God. God is unconditional love and omnipotence, so Universal Salvation makes sense. Don't follow the Calvinist ideas. Don't follow the Arminian ideas. The Calvinists state that God can give salvation to all the Humankind, but that God doesn't want to. So they rely on the wrong concept of Election. Arminians state the opposite. They assert that God wants to give salvation to all human beings, but that God can't due to the free will of them. That's a wrong concept of free will. There is no free will; there is only free agency. Universalists hold the correct vision of God. They teach that God wants to give salvation to all human beings, and that God can give salvation to all of Humankind. This is the correct worldview. My Four Noble Truths will guide you to knowing Christ in an intimate way. You won't be Christians; you will be Buddhic-Christics. That is the correct path. That is the true reconciliation between Man and God. Kill suffering at its root. Don't distort the true idea of a loving God. Before I didn't want to deal with the concept of God, because you were not ready. Now you are ready for the Fifth Noble Truth. Buddha and Christ work together for the salvation of all Humankind. That is the Fifth Nobel Truth. Be Buddhic; don't be Buddhists. Be Christic; don't be Christians. That is the right path for achieving Nirvana and Mahanirvana. Satori will come up at any magic instant. Firstly, you have to be aware of your sinful condition; secondly, you have to be awakened through satori; thirdly, you have to be illuminated through the light of integration between Buddha and Christ. This is the Fifth Noble T

Modern Literature 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modern Literature 1 - Essay Example A careful analysis of both The Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart evidences that Conrad and Achebe differ in the manner in which they both write about the colonizing Europeans and the native Africans. It is important to note that Achebe was an African, while Conrad was Polish and did actually not learn English until in his twenties. The very initial difference in the two stories can be derived form a careful interpretation of their titles. In Chinua’s Things fall apart, he elaborates on the manner in which Europeans came and destroyed the then peaceful systems of African traditions and resulted to everything literary falling apart. In The Heart of Darkness on the other hand, Conrad exposes how the African continent can be described as a dark continent as far as development and civilization are concerned. Characters are fundamental vehicles that writers employ in conveying their meaning. Another significant difference in these two stories is evidenced through the characters. Marlow, the main character in The Heart of Darkness, travels to the central station from the outer station and encounters scenes of brutality and cruelty against the Africans. Marlow’s adventures portray the hypocrisy in the rhetoric employed to justify imperialism. The men working in the company describe their actions as trade and their ill treatment against Africans as part of civilization. Kurtz, another character in this story, agrees that he does not trade, but takes ivory by force. In his own words, his treatment to the Africans is extermination and suppression (56). In Things Fall Apart, on the other hand, the author describes the Native Africans with intense praise. Okonkwo, the main character, is described as a hard-working and a determined man. He achieves a lot of social and financial success th rough his hard work and is viewed as a pillar in his clan and society. He is however, resistance to change and this leads to his final downfall. He has a strong sense of

Homework 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Homework 2 - Essay Example to day communications among all team members of the project to come up with various creative ideas on how to develop the software according to their goals and preferences of the organization. They recognize that customers can always change their minds about what they want. The scrum master enables the organization to use scrum effectively. They act as an intermediary between the development team and any distracters. They ensure that the scrum process is used as intended because they are the enforcer of the rules of scrum. They chair any crucial meetings and challenge the team members to improve in their developments. There is no role manager in a scrum project since it is not required. All the traditional roles that belong to a project manager have been carefully divided into three scrum roles and reassigned to the developmental team and product owner rather than to the scrum master. Conducting scrum project with a project manager results into conflicting responsibilities, unclear results authority (Rubin

Ethnographic Claim Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethnographic Claim Paper - Essay Example By doing this, they display a fluidity as far as identity is concerned and they test the traditional understanding of space. I chose this ethnographic study with regards to Italian culture at the Angelo’s and Vinci’s restaurant. The restaurant is in California and boasts of a total Italian ambience. What made it interesting as a research target was my swish to see how the people, including staff members and customers, performed within their cultural settings. Among the staff members at the restaurant and customers, I sought to study how the use of space in the restaurant becomes a performative site for Italian culture in their everyday lives. This led me to ask how the staff members and customers perform the Italian culture at Angelo’s and Vinci’s. The people at Angelo’s and Vinci’s demonstrate authentic Italian cultural practices using language and food. Theory Review Migration, especially in the contemporary period, challenges the tradition al comprehension of attachment of identity and place. Different observers have called for a re-examination of the uses and meanings of space as a concept during the discourse of identity (Appadurai 300). The process by which migrants create belonging among themselves shows a new conceptualization and organization of space, also referred to as re-territorialiazation of culture, as well as a redefinition of the collective identities that have undergone de- territorialization. Basch et al (28) frame the re- territorialization as a manner in which there is a reconfiguration of space by various practices, which migrants who migrate between different countries carry out. Anderson (83) deals with the discourses of resistance that are employed, by native or indigenous people, to negotiate for fixed notions of place or race. Just like subjective identity is produced form the performance, so also are localities created by the subjects who represent, perceive, and construct them, over time. Fo rtier (42) investigates the manner in which performance of one collective body utilizes terrains of belonging. He contends that belonging may be inclusive of physical places, although they are not limited to them. While they may utilize these physical places and these places do become belongings, they are more historical and cultural belongings that are reconstructed from cultural practices. Via the expansion of the theory by Butler on performativity, renegotiating space and identity can be seen as the way in which both space and bodies are invested to become representative of cultural identity. Therefore, belonging can be seen as a struggle that seeks to reconcile representation of groups in the way they are viewed by the rest comes close to the way that they view themselves (Basch et al 59). The struggle or negotiation concerning representation deals with simultaneous shifts in subjective identity, as well as its belonging. Concern over place could be especially potent in the cont ext of minority and immigrant communities that have little or no development of institutions. Racial stereotyping and racism could act as a hindrance to the ability of

Personal reflection on learning Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal reflection on learning - Term Paper Example This paper explores my reflection on this particular aspect. The traditional method of teaching, which calls for a passive role from the part of the learners, has already been outdated and no longer considered the norm or the standard for best teaching practices. What this means is that in the classroom setting such as in my Marketing class, students are expected to participate and be part of the learning process. Gone were the days when learners wait to be spoon-fed with the subject's contents. That is widely accepted as ineffective. There are evidences that could attest to this fact and that the conventional demagoguery has been exchanged for the current more progressive approach in a logical progression of evolution in education. The prevailing idea is that learning should be experiential. The student, together with the teacher, explores and discovers concept and issues, which underpins a framework that is both engaging and effective especially in terms of achieving learning objec tives. Learning a marketing concept, for instance, is not about the assimilation of a conceptual explanation of the teacher but the assimilation through the discovery of such concept, as facilitated by the instructor. This is particularly more pronounced in the case of teaching or learning the marketing field. Marketing is all about relationships; it is all about persuasion, information and experience. Our class learned this indirectly by simulating those processes. Such simulation could not have transpired without the contribution of each student. For example, in doing activities like group works, I discovered that being able to play assigned tasks and roles are crucial in achieving positive learning outcomes. First, there was the structure: we assign leaders and followers. Then, there was the negotiation. Say, I provide some inputs why this student will be better in this task or this role, so the assignments are revised. Because of respect for other people’s opinion, we wer e able to avoid conflicts that could have resulted to poor outcome. Instead, we effectively harnessed diverse perspectives. So it is imperative for students learning this field to be able to navigate through the learning issues and the socialization process involved and should not entirely rely on the source of knowledge or of an expertise. I also would like to cite the benefit of being curious. This worked for me especially when students are encouraged to ask questions, engage in a dialogue and discuss issues. There are times when lectures could be so silent, however participative the teacher encourages it to be. Then I ask a question or raise something thought provoking. And it contributes to making the discussion livelier and more engaging. Other students also do this and I found that we could only ask and raise issues, and participate better if we came to school prepared or knowledgeable. If I assumed a passive position in the learning process, I would have contributed nothing t o the manner by which knowledge is gained and internalized. More importantly, I would have encouraged an ineffectual learning environment. I would like to cite a theory we have learned as an example. The law of supply and demand is a pretty straightforward concept we have learned and a notion that is widely

Analyse using stat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyse using stat - Assignment Example Compare and contrast the findings from the histograms and from the tests with level and logarithmic specifications. H0: sample is not distributed normally H1: sample is distributed normally Decision: Probability value is less than 0.05significance level. Therefore we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. i.e. price variable is normally distributed Probability value is less than 0.05significance level. Therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. i.e. log price variable is also normally distributed Thus, the results of histogram and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test are consistent. Variable Description Combined K-S Value 1. dist Weighted distance to 5 employment centers 0.000 2. ldist Logarithm of weighted distance to 5 employment centers 0.016 H0: sample is not distributed normally H1: sample is distributed normally Decision: Probability value is less than 0.05significance level. Therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alte rnative hypothesis. i.e. dist variable is normally distributed Probability value is less than 0.05significance level. Therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. i.e. log-dist variable is also normally distributed Histogram showed the distribution of dist variable as skewed to the left. However Kolmogorov-Smirnov test yields a normal distribution. ... Mean value of rooms in the given sample is 6.28. Accordingly there are 278 houses with number of rooms bellow the average (sample A) and 228 houses with number of rooms above the average (sample B). Hence the total observations in two samples are different. Therefore we have to conduct unpaired two sample t-test. Mean Difference -8918.208 t-statistics -12.3611 P-value H0: diff=0 0.0000 H1: diff 0 1.0000 Decision: Probability value of H0 is less than 0.05 significant level. Therefore reject H0 which states there is no statistically significant difference between the mean price of houses having rooms less than average and more than average. (ii) houses below and above the average value for nox; Average nox value of the given data set is 5.549. There are 292 observations in the above average category while there are 214 observations in the below average category. Therefore unpaired, two-sample t-test with equal variances can be used. Mean Difference 6199.578 t-statistics 7.9261 P-value H0: diff=0 0.0000 H1: diff 0 0.0000 Decision: Probability value of H0 is less than 0.05 significant level. Therefore we reject the null hypothesis which states mean price of houses which are situated in lower nitrous oxide levels are not statistically different from those houses situated in higher nitrous oxide areas. (iii) Houses below and above the average value for crime. Average number of crimes committed per capita is 3.611in the given data set. Accordingly there are 128 and 378 numbers of observations in the above and below average categories respectively. Therefore, unpaired, two-sample t-test with equal variances can be used. Mean Difference 8471.173 t-statistics 9.8062 P-value H0:

Negotiating a Disciplinary Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Negotiating a Disciplinary Procedure - Essay Example According to the paper, alleged inadequacies of performance, which include proficiency and competence as set out in the Unfair Dismissal Act 1977 and conduct are grounds for punitive action, meaning that the disciplinary procedure may be initiated and that a sanction may follow if the case against the employee is found to have substance. It should be noted that minor instances are normally dealt with informally for a â€Å"ticking-off â€Å"incident for an isolated incident of lateness for example and this is because they will not require numerous procedures in coming to a decision. There is an obligation under section 14 of the Unfair Dismissal Act 1977 that within 13 weeks of starting employment in any organization, the employees must be given the procedure and rules used for disciplining or dismissing them from the workplace. Such procedures may be contained within a collective agreement, which is normally after a negotiation between the employer and employee or be established b y custom and practice. Other than this, there is no formal guidance on what the procedure should contain: the Act is silent, and currently there is no code of practice on the subject, although there is an area where the Labor Relations Commissions may take action. The guidance that is not provided for comes from decisions of the Employment Appeals Tribunal, which stipulates the rules of engagement. Conveying a clear punitive policy is important to define workplace expectations and the methods the employer will use in correcting behavior that is not in line with the organizational standards. This ensures that all employees are aware and adhere to the code of conduct in the organization failure to which they face sanctions or the disciplinary actions that the misconduct accrues.

Anglo American PLC in South Africa Essay Example for Free

Anglo American PLC in South Africa Essay 1. The pros would be: a) The early adoption strategy of ART can help the company to prevent and combat the spread of the disease not only on its workforce but also the populations of surrounding communities. This early initiative can also help to prevent further loss in operating expenses and declining workers’ productivity in the company. b) Anglo American became a de facto leader in the private-sector fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa. It also became a trendsetter for other MNEs to follow suit such as Coke, Ford, and Colgate-Palmolive. c) Received positive reactions and approval from WHO, the Global Business Council on HIV/AIDS, and a host of other NGOs. d) Became a socially responsible company in the global market. This comprehensive program reflects that Anglo American has a good intention on protecting the rights of infected workers. e) The program might have a bright future, as 95% have responded well to the treatment and are working productively. f) The gradual change in the South African government’s view towards HIV/AIDS can further on help Anglo American to combat this national wide epidemic issue of the disease. The cons would be: a) The company had to bear outrageous amount of operating costs to combat this issue, with an estimated $4,000 per employee when the company typically offers $830 for wages and benefits per employee. b) There is a 15% level of non-adherence from the workers who are enrolled in the program and due to harsh working conditions make it hard for workers to take medications on time or to deal with side effects. c) Pressures and oppositions from various constituencies such as the South African government, political leaders, and CEO Brian Gillbertson of BHP Billiton who all thought that the program was not efficient. South Africa’s prime minister uttered the initative as a â€Å"vigilante† move designed to place unreasonable burdens on the government. Recommendations: Anglo American should cut down on major costs to support the program in order prevent further waste of money since it can cost 7.2% of the company’s wage bill. Provide only to those who need to be treated and who can adhere to the program. Anglo American should also seek support from WHO and other international humanitarian organizations, and the South African government with the objective of a great cause for the South Africans. Also try to cooperate with pharmaceutical companies who can sell antiretroviral drugs at a subsidized rate. All of these actions should help maintain the image of the company in the global market. 2. Since migrant workers in South Africa account for about four-fifth of the total workforce, it would not be a strategic decision to adopt the policy of not hiring migrant workers. This policy can also have negative impacts on the company’s image, since it is a pretty discriminatory policy and can cause unequal treatments to workers. Therefore, Anglo American should still hire migrant workers because there are a lot of workers needed to work in the mine site. Switching policies regarding whom to hire will only further increase operating costs. 3. Pharmaceutical companies play a big role in responding to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa. Since GlaxoSmithKline can sell antiretroviral drugs to Anglo American at 1/10th of the market price in industrialized world, other pharmaceutical companies should be able to do so in order to safe the lives of millions of people. The South African government should cooperate with these pharmaceutical companies since the government itself has started implementing National Strategic Plan for combating HIV/AIDS. This will allow pharmaceutical companies to enter in B2B deals with the government and companies who care for their employees’ health. For the poor enforcement of patent rights, Pharmaceutical companies should enter into an agreement with the South African government that these rights will be protected otherwise cooperation between parties will not take place. There should be strict policies and courses of actions to tackle infringement of patent rights. Pharmaceutical companies should also invest more in RD to create drugs for HIV/AIDS that can save the lives of people. 4. South African government should not 100% implement aggressive policies that were conducted in Brazil and Thailand mainly due to differences in political, economic, legal, cultural conditions, these policies might not work in South Africa (such as taking advantage of TRIPS agreement etc). Instead, the South African government should learn from these countries how to tackle the epidemic issues, relate the situations and implement some of the steps that might be feasible to implement in South Africa. Anglo American’s cooperation with GlaxoSmithKline purchasing life saving drugs at a reasonable price should encourage other pharmaceutical companies (especially MNEs) to join the program to fight against this epidemic disease.

Hrm With Strategic Goals And Objectives Commerce Essay

Hrm With Strategic Goals And Objectives Commerce Essay The latest emphasis among academics and practitioners on public or people management systems as a source competitive advantage has focused greater than ever on the science and practice of Human Resource Management. While academics have made a number of significant contributions to these development by means of research, Steve Kerr of General Electric has had an argument that the great number of the best work is being done by consultans and professionals in the field (Hodgetts, 1996). Actually, one could make a persuasive case that the practice of HRM has outpaced the academic work on this particullar topic. However, data on how organisations in fact manage people to provide a source of competitive advantage are insufficient. Studies that compare and distinguishes human capital management system in leading organisations are even more difficult to find. In fact, while the empirical literature linking between HRM with strategic goals and objectives of the organisations performance has c onstantly found than more effective HRM is associated with greater financial performance (Becker Huselid, 1998), what is missing is clearer understanding of how these processes work, and subsequently how organisations could actually manage their staff to help provide a basis of competitive advantages. The purpose of this essay is to examine how linking of HRM with strategic goals by any organisation would improve business performance and develop organizational cultures that foster innovation and flexibility. That is why I have considered three main points, ( heading, contents page) because of in my opinion they are the ones which will broaden the concept of this essay. I will first examine the importance of HRM to strategy as well as SHRM and its objectives. In the second part, I will look at the skills of manager which would help to improve business performance and develop or increase organisations culture. Finally, I am going to demonstrate case studies of different types of organisations which has integrated strategy of HRM. 1. Importance of HRM to strategy Human resource management has become more important to the management in general, mainly as a result of its role in providing competitive advantage, the run to competitiveness, and an awareness of the demands of the technologically advanced environment of the future. According to the findings of Strategist Michael Porter human resource management is a key to obtaining competitive advantage (Michael E. Porter, 1998). In a growing number of organizations, human resources are now seen as a source of competitive advantage. There is greater recognition that distinctive competencies are acquired through highly developed employee skills, unique organizational cultures, management processes, and systems. Increasingly, it is recognized that competitive advantage can be achieved with a high-quality employees, which enables organizations to compete on the basis of market responsiveness, product and service quality, differentiated products, and technological innovation instead of relying on low costs. An example of human resources a competitive advantage is said by John Deeres efforts to automate its factories. The pursuit of exceptional talent and experience in industrial automation, the company established a technology division ( Dyer, 1983 p.257) Another example is provided by ARCOs increased importance on human resource management issues in its executive development program (ARCO, 1986) . Examples like these points out the broader responsibilities and importance of todays more strategically oriented human resource management. Apart from its role in providing competitive advantage through a quality workforce, the needs of control labor costs also has increased the role of human resource management. As an outcome of strong pressure to control labor and other costs, managers have become more aware of the effects of inefficient use of human resources. Administrators need look no further than the underutilized workers, lack of confidence, resistance to change, the work of a ntagonistic relationship management, motivation problems, and restrictive labor practices to find the causes of low productivity. The resources allocated towards better use of human resources can become more profitable than investment in plant and equipment. Because of the potential cost efficiencies, improved human resource management can play a key role in competitive strategy and organizational development competencies. Economic turmoil also has increased the importance of the strategic role of the human resource management. Turbulence, globalization, technology, radically changing demographics, and differences in the values of the labor force have created uncertainty in the environment almost without precedent. Strategic management of human resources and the thread of human resource planning are increasingly being seen as a means of buffering environmental uncertainty. Not surprisingly, management of human resources is increasingly integrated in the formulation of strategy and p lanning process. As managing human resources becomes a more important component of competitive strategy of a company, general management has an incentive to ensure alignment and consistency between strategy and human resource practices and policies. The challenge of adaptation first comes to finding the answer to the question: What kind of people who will necessary to lead the organization in the coming years? (Miller, 1986, p12). The expectation is that people and practices that are aligned with the future strategic needs, produces superior organizational performance. While there is evidence on this point, some recent empirical studies have found higher returns to be related to the integrated and strategic human resources. He has been the recognition of the contributions of human resource management to the companys success in international efforts. This success is more likely when the international participation is rewarded and international business training is provided. Also mor e likely when selection criteria include management and promotion of international experience. However, before such contributions can be made, a coherent strategy for human resources must be developed and linked to the overall strategy organization. 1.1. SHRM and its objectives. The concept of strategic human resources management has become a widely used in management literature. In overall, the goal of the strategic human resources management is the effective implementation of those resources to meet the strategic needs of organizations and objectives. In defining the term, doctors tend to emphasize its implementation role, (Schuller, 1992, p 18-32) according to the following definitions: How the company strategy implemented effectively making everyone from the top of human organization in the background doing things that make successful business. (Ibid, p 18). A broader academic definition of the strategic human resources management, says the following: strategic human resources management is largely about how to integrate and adapt. SHRMs concern is to ensure that: a) human resources (HR) management is fully integrated with the strategy and the strategic goals and objectives of the company, b) HR practices are adjusted, accepted and used by managers and employees as part of their daily lives work (IBId). Patrick Wright and Gary McMahan have offered a similar definition of strategic human resources management (Wright, Patrick M. 1992 p 295). They defined SHRM as the pattern of a planned human resource operations and activities intended to enable an organization to achieve its objectives. Given these definitions of strategic human resources management, a general theoretical framework can now be used to organize knowledge of how human resource practices are affected by strategic considerations. Strategic human resources can make contributions to the strategy and strategic planning to set goals of organisation in a different ways. Systems such as performance appraisal, staffing, training, and compensation allowing managers to implement the organizations strategic plan. The human resources planning also links strategic management and business planning with these systems. The great number of models of strategic human resources management vision function of having an enforcement role, and has been less common to find companies that use unique human resources capabilities as a leading entry in the strategy formulation. However, more companies are turning to human resources management in the process of formulating the strategy . As an instance for it could be Arthur Andersens unique capabilities of human resource training. The accounting companys Saint Charles, Illinois, training centre, which resembles a campus of college, provides it with competitive advantage (Porter E. Michael 1998). Thousands of employees of Arthur Andersen are given uniforms training of the companys own highly regarded instructional labour at this service each year. Due to its facilities and at home instructors, the company can react quickly to the changing demands of its customers. Objectives of Human Resource Management. The objectives are pre-determined strategic goals to which person or group activity in an organization is concentrated. The institutions are established to achieve certain specific objectives. The objectives of the any industry are mostly to earn profit as much as possible while educational institutions are mostly to provide education or research etc. However, the main and the fundamental purpose of any organization is survival. Organizations are not just satisfied with this goal. Moreover the goal of most organizations is the growth or profits. Institutions to acquire and manage various resources including human for achieving the objectives. Thus, human resource management is used to divert and use its resources to achieve the objectives of the organization. So basically, the goals of human resource management derive from and contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the organization. The other objectives of human resource management are to meet the needs, aspirations, values and dignity of employees and with due concern for socio-economic problems of the community and country. The objectives of human resource management can be as following: To create and use a workforce capable and motivated to achieve the basic organization goals. To establish and maintain solid organizational structure and desirable working relationships among all the members of the organization. To ensure coordination and integration of groups within the organization by co-ordination of the individual and group goals with the employees of the organization. To create facilities and opportunities for individual and group development to coincide with the growth of the organization. To achieve efficient utilization of human resources in achieving the objectives of the organization. To identify and meet individual and group needs to provide adequate and equitable wages, employee benefits and social security To measure for challenging work, prestige, recognition, security, status. To maintain the high morale of employees and good human relations by maintaining and improving the various conditions and other facilities. To strengthen and assess human capital through continuous training and development programs. To examine and contribute to minimizing the social and economic problems such as unemployment, underemployment, inequitable income distribution and wealth to improve the welfare of society by providing employment opportunities to women and disadvantaged sectors of society . To provide fair, acceptable and effective leadership . To provide facilities and working conditions and the creation of enabling environment to maintain employment stability Management has to create a conducive environment and provide necessary conditions for achieving the objectives of personnel management after formulation. (Source from http://www.citeman.com/245-objectives-of-human-resource-management/ ) 2. Skills which manager should acquire in order to achieve strategic goals in the organisation. The human resources function sometimes does not play an important role in the process of formulating the strategy of the organization because of the inadequacies of human resources planning executives (Burack, Elmer H, 1985 p133). However, planning difficulties are not unique to these executives . In fact, the managers of all functional areas have problems with strategic planning. It is well known that managers are action-oriented, often prefer the action of the decision -making or problem- solving interactions. On the contrary, part of the planning process is conducted in isolation. There is a lack of information or knowledge of results for long periods of time. Also, It is hard to justify the time needed for planning in relation to more immediate problems that press for solutions. Thus, despite its value, many managers do not like to plan. Further, these general planning issues, there are more problems with strategic planning because it often leads to restructuring of resources tha t determine the power and status. Effects of the desire to maintain the status quo, through resistance to change is obvious symptoms such as excessive defence of the allocation of existing resources, the accumulation of the information and excessive control of the planning process by manipulating programs. Other causes of problems in the strategic planning process is the mismatch between planning tasks and competence of managers skills. Strategic planning requires considering in terms of the organization as a whole and the relationships between the organization and the many factors that affect their environment. One of the most important abilities in SHRM is to see objects at the macro level rather than processing bits of information to find solutions to problems at the micro level. One symptom of this imbalance is a propensity to fall on operational issues and the inability to complete tasks. A final problem is the lack of senior executive commitment to the strategic planning proce ss. The symptoms of this problem include attempts by managers to read between the lines to find out the real opinion of top management in the importance of the process. Human resources executives often lack the skills to play an important role in strategic planning processes of the company. Requirements for those who can operate in the strategic human resources management is beyond the requirements of functional competence. Research for the role characteristics reveals that following professional qualifications needs to be considered in the managers involvement : 1) Management information skills such as statistics, analysis, and research. 2) Planning skills, knowledge of planning and planning methodologies and statistical techniques.3) Knowledge management skills in different business functions and environmental analysis.4) Integration skills- competition in the management of organizational interfaces and skill in assessing the organization and as setting priorities. 5) Change management skills- the ability to anticipate the future, facilitate change, and organizational development activities (Baird, p 126-27). Besides the selection of human resources executives on the basis of these qualifications, the weaknesses with the current staff can be overcome, even if there are imbalances of cognitive skills. For example, planners of linking compensation with the skills and the use of planning teams can minimize the effect of individual cognitive deficits. Planning tasks can also be divided into phases, some of which may be made by those whose cognitive abilities are not well adapted to the strategy formulation. For instance, greater responsibilities for data collection can be assigned to those whose strengths are not consistent with strategic thinking (Lenz, Managing SHRM, (1986): p 57-66 ). 3. The linkage of HRM with integration of strategic goals and objectives in the different types of organisations (Cases). Integrating Strategy and Human Resources Management in the organisations. Experiences from several organizations are good examples of the integration of strategic goals with human resource management. One of the such examples is provided by the experience of Peoples Bank , a financial services company headquartered in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Massive changes began to take place in the business environment of banking with deregulation and lowering of interest ceilings. Money markets started draining the funds normally was in banks deposits, forcing them to resort to more expensive sources of funds. In addition, money centre banks began competing in the same market environment as regional banks. Peoples, which was a small regional bank, responded changing its strategy from a product orientation to one directed toward markets . With a product orientation, the products are developed and then looks for markets that sell the product. By contrast, a market orientation implies an opposite approach, where market demand are identified and then product developed to s erve the market. As a result of these changes, Peoples became a diversified financial services company with 139 branches and fully integrated banking services and stock trading presence on the Internet (Peoples Bank, Coleman M. Sharon, 2000 ). Due to major changes in the Peoples strategy, there was a recognition that new organizational structures would be needed to adapt to changes. The organization was decentralized, remove hierarchical levels formed strategic business units, and new senior vice presidencies created within a matrix structure. The bank undertook a study of the types of employees that would be required with the ability of the new strategy and the needs of the organization. The main changes took place as a result of the audit. For example, the performance appraisal system was revised. The revised system emphasizes setting goals, the achievement of individual goals by linking with HRM, and the rewards by means of achievement of the objectives of the bank, and places gr eater emphasis on performance appraisal, marketing and sales. In addition, human resource planning was more fully integrated with the strategic planning process through the synchronization of scanning processes with the banks general environmental scanning process (HRM Planning, Lesher, 1986, p 39-44). The experiences in integration of strategy and human resource management of the U.S. Navy could be another example. As a result of linking strategic planning with human resource management, the Navy was able to follow a proactive strategy that provides lower costs of labor. In this case, Navys human resources planners analyzed the labor cost savings of a strategy for their civilian employees that would replace the local wage policy with national wage policies. Through the development of human resource predictions to determine labor market reactions to these changes, planners could determine whether sufficient labor supply would be available with savings of cost strategy. In this particular example, the strategic planners of Navy also considered the impact of the reduction in private sector middle management positions and found that higher quality employees could be hired. (Atwater, et al. , 1988, p 119-36) Ingersoll-Rands experience with one of its divisions also provide a good example of the results of a strong linkage between strategy of this organisation and human resource management. Ingersoll-Rands rock drilling division was experiencing rapid growth and there was a shortages of manpower. It was also necessary to train their employees to work with new technologies and wanted to control the costs of labor. The result of the integration of human resource capabilities with its strategic planning process was that the company implemented a series of programs which also included profit sharing and participation of employee as a team in every aspects. It also had employees participate in decisions about purchasing new technology and a significant commitment to technological training. (McManis, Gerald, 1988) To conclude with this last example about the integration of strategy and human resources in Maid Bess, which specialises in manufacturing uniforms. The company faces intense competition from foreign manufacturers, and controlling of labor expenses became critical. Due to the intensity of labor, the company closely integrated human resources management with the strategic planning process in order to reduce labor cost. As a result of the integrated strategic planning process, executive vice president of the company designed a compensation program that includes bonuses that increased productivity, increases in the salaries of employees and reduce turnover. (Charles R. Greer, SHRM, 2001, p 278) Conclusion In a recent years more organizations are recognizing that human resources are a source of competitive advantage. This recognition, side by side with increasing environmental uncertainty, increased pressure to control costs and increased government regulation, have elevated the strategic role of human resource management. As a result, there is increasing involvement of HRM in strategy formulation. When human resources are the source of an organizations competitive advantage, HRM plays a critical role in providing up front to enter the corporate level, the strategic planning process in order to achieve its objectives. Human resource planning is of the important linkage with the strategy of the organization by providing input on the availability of critical manpower and by adding timing process to cope with the shortage and surpluses of employees. Other strategic inputs of SHRM functions include environmental scanning and competitive intelligence. The next level of strategy formulation, SHRM help align personnel practices, policies and programs with the strategy so that desired roles of employee and their actions will support different strategies such as innovation, quality, enhancement, cooperation, effectiveness of work, ability to performance, desire to work, cost reduction etc. A typology of activities shows how human resource activities vary in their contributions to a strategically implementation. Despite recent developments, in most companies, there is still need for greater integration of human resource planning with the formulation of organizations strategy. Factors which influencing the level of integration of the include industry differences, changes in economic activity, technological changes and demographic changes. I have provided several examples of integration of strategy in organisations and its linkage with Human Resources, and also the barriers that often have limited integration in the past. To conclude with, My personal view is that human resource managers should develop the personal skills that necessary to contribute to the process of strategy formulation.

Cylinder Taper and Cylinder Out of Round

Cylinder Taper and Cylinder Out of Round Aditya Patel Equipment Utilized An assortment of hand tools, pullers and specialty measuring tools were used during this assignment Health and Safety Precautions Safety boots and glasses were mandatory in the shop Proper lifting techniques, and getting help lifting was very important Unit Identification GM 3100 Engine References GM 3100 service manual, and our classroom text book were used. Lab notes and internet were used for some of the notes. Method 1. List all the steps needed to measure cylinder taper and out of round. a bore gauge calibration unit was set up by using fixture and calibration unit the bore gauge was placed in this unit and calibrated using the micrometre scale on the unit. To calibrate for specific bore, use the standards. For example, for 4.406 bore, install 4.000+ standard and set the scale to 0.406. Bore gauge is calibrated until the dial shows 0 on it. Or more adjustment should be done. the bore gauge was then placed inside the cylinder at Top thrust surface and rock the bore gauge front and back until dial goes up and comes back. Note the highest reading, the dial reaches. Do same for bottom thrust surface. To measure the cylinder out of round, measure top thrust surface of the cylinder but perpendicular to the first measured. Now compare both reading for top thrust surfaces readings. If the difference between the measured reading is more than 0.0005 then the cylinder is out of round or else, it is good. To measure the taper, subtract the reading of bottom thrust surface from top thrust surface. If the reading is more than 0.0008 then cylinder is not good. Cylinder Taper is the difference of the diameter between top of the cylinder bore under the ridge and bottom of the cylinder Cylinder out of Round is the difference of diameter when measured parallel to crankshaft and then perpendicular to the same at top of the cylinder using bore gauge. Method Continued   Ã‚   2. Document 2 methods of measuring piston to cylinder bore clearance. Feeler Strip Method Remove all compression and oil control rings from pistons Invert the piston and place it back in the cylinder in upside down position with feeler strip. The feeler strip should not be on the piston pin hole. After piston is placed in the cylinder slowly take the filler gauge out. While taking the filler gauge out, if it feels too hard or loose the try different size of the gauge until you get the perfect size. The perfect size of filler gauge should not feel too tight or smooth while taking it out. (Measuring clearance using feeler strip) Calculated Method Measure the diameter of the piston across the skirt with well calibrated micrometre. Note the reading. Now using the bore gauge measure the cylinder diameter under the ridge. Record the reading. Now subtract the piston diameter from cylinder diameter. The measurement achieved is the piston to cylinder clearance. Note that before taking any reading the micrometre should be well calibrated and the surfaces should be cleaned. (Bore gauge measuring the cylinder diameter) (Measuring piston diameter using Micrometre) 3. Construct a chart listing cylinder, piston ring and crankshaft clearances. Located under observations heading 4. Record how to check ring clearances. (side and end) Side Clearance Remove all compression and oil control rings from pistons Clean the piston ring groove before measuring. For measuring the ring clearance, the ring doesnt need to be installed in the piston. Gently place the ring in the groove. After placing the ring measure the clearance with the help of feeler gauge between the ring and upper edge of the groove. Compare the measured ring clearance with the manufacturers specification. If the measured clearance is more then the manufacturers specification the change the ring. (Measuring Ring Clearance using Feeler Strip) End Gap Remove all compression and oil control rings from pistons Place the ring in the same cylinder from which piston come out. Using the piston slowly push the ring in the cylinder. Then measure the gap between the two ends of the rings with filler strip. The filler strip should not too hard or too smooth to pass between the two ends of the rings. Then do same for the second ring and note the measurement. Compare this measurement with the manufacturers specification. If the measured end gap is more then the actual specification the change the ring. (Measuring piston ring end gap using feeler strip) 5. Describe 2 methods of measuring crankshaft bearing clearance. Plastigauge Method remove the main bearing caps from the block and clean the surface of the crankshaft journals with a clean rag. Now place a piece of plastigauge according to the width of the journal. Install back main bearing caps on their same position as before. Check that the bearings are in the correct direction. Install the bolts and tighten them with torque wrench at the manufacturers specification. Now remove the main bearing caps and check the spread of plastigauge. Compare with the marking given on the cover of the plastigauge and note the reading. Now compare this reading with the actual specification. Before installing main bearings back, carefully wipe the plastigauge marks. (Measuring the Crankshaft bearing clearance using plasti gauge) Calculated Method Measure the crankshaft journal diameter using a well calibrated micrometre. Measure every journal two times both perpendicular at each other. Note every reading. Now put the bearing journals back on. Use torque wrench to tight the bearings with specified torque. Using inside micrometre or bore dial gauge measure the diameter of the bearing. Note the reading. To measure bearing clearance, subtract the crankshaft journal diameter measurement from bearing journal diameter. The allowable clearance for crankshaft is between 0.0008-0.0025. 6. Explain what causes cylinder taper and cylinder out of round Cylinder Taper is caused by wear caused by friction and combustion cause the bore to be cone shaped. Cylinder Out of Round is caused by pressure created by piston rings to the cylinder walls. Observations Cylinder Measurements Cyl #1 Cyl #2 Cyl #3 Cyl #4 Cyl #5 Cyl #6 (Thrust Surface Under Ridge) A 0.0016 0.0018 0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 (Thrust Surface Bottom) B 0.0013 0.0014 0.0012 0.0014 0.0011 0.0013 (90  ° Under Ridge) C 0.0012 0.0015 0.0012 0.0013 0.001 0.0011 Taper (Subtract B from A) Measurements Cyl #1 Cyl #2 Cyl #3 Cyl #4 Cyl #5 Cyl #6 (Thrust Surface Under Ridge) A 0.0016 0.0018 0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 (Thrust Surface Bottom) B 0.0013 0.0014 0.0012 0.0014 0.0011 0.0013 Taper 0.0003 0.0004 0.0006 0.0001 0.0004 0.0001 Specification 0.0008 Out of Round ( Subtract C from A ) Measurements Cyl #1 Cyl #2 Cyl #3 Cyl #4 Cyl #5 Cyl #6 ( Thrust Surface Under Ridge ) A 0.0016 0.0018 0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 ( 90  ° Under Ridge ) C 0.0012 0.0015 0.0012 0.0013 0.0010 0.0011 Out of Round 0.0004 0.0003 0.0006 0.0002 0.0005 0.0003 Specification 0.0005 Observations Continued Piston Ring Clearance Measurements Specs #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Ring End Gap: Top Ring 0.006-0.014 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.17 0.19 Second Ring 0.0197-0.0280 0.30 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.19 Ring Groove Clearance: Top Ring 0.002-0.0033 0.002 0.0025 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Second Ring 0.002-0.0035 0.002 0.002 0.0025 0.002 0.002 0.002 Bearing Clearance Checks Specs #1 #2 #3 #4 Bearing Bore Dia. (A) 2.6472 2.6502 2.649 2.652 2.648 2.650 Journal Diameter (B) 2.6473 2.6483 2.647 2.646 2.647 2.645 Clearance (A B) 0.0008 0.0025 0.002 0.006 0.001 0.005 Plastigauge Clearance 0.0008-0.0025 0.0015 0.0020 0.0010 0.0020 Conclusions Upon completing the measurements and visual inspections, I would recommend that due to the excessive wear and out of round cylinder, the cylinder should be bored. While measuring the piston ring clearance we noticed that the piton rings were replaced and were both of same size on one piston.      

Free Essays - Use of Imagery in Young Goodman Brown :: Free Essay Writer

Use of Imagery in   Young Goodman Brown  Ã‚      According to A Handbook of Critical Approaches, the Formalistic Approach is one â€Å"with a methodology.†Ã‚   The Formalistic Approach requires a critic to examine the structure, or form, of a literary work.   For example, studying the imagery of a literary work can make the theme more apparent.   â€Å"Images emerge as more and more important†¦certain images, or colors†¦keep coming up†¦.   Bit by formal bit, we think we begin to see a theme emerging from the work.† (Guerin, 74-75).  Young Goodman Brown is the story of an innocent young man who realizes the imperfections and flaws of the world and its people, including himself.   This knowledge is very painful and shocking to Young Goodman Brown just as knowledge was painful for the prisoners in Plato's Allegory of the Cave.   The imagery used in Young Goodman Brown amplifies the theme of the loss of innocence. Images of the sunset and of a journey and several others appear throughout the story to amplify   the theme of Young Goodman Brown.   Ã‚  Ã‚   For example, in the beginning of the story, Young Goodman Brown is leaving his wife Faith at sunset to go on a journey that cannot wait.   The images of a sunset and of the approaching nighttime illustrate the fear of the unknown.   Goodman Brown must travel through the darkness before he reaches the light of knowledge just as the prisoners in Allegory of the Cave must travel from the dark cave in order to reach the light.   As the story continues, Hawthorne uses the image of a â€Å"dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest† to heighten the fear of the unknown.   Goodman Brown has left the comfort of the cave of confusion and is beginning to discover the imperfections of the world and of its people.   Ã‚  Ã‚   A teacher, who had â€Å"an indescribable air of one who knew the world†, leads Goodman Brown from the cave.   His teacher continually leads him along the path to enlightenment despite Goodman Brown’s attempts â€Å"to return whence I came.†Ã‚   Goodman Brown learns that people are not perfect and that â€Å"good† people sometimes do â€Å"bad† things.   People who Goodman Brown views as perfect, like the governor and his Sunday school teacher are exposed as imperfect people who lie and cheat and steal by using the images of a stolen broom and a promise to be queen of Hell.

Pat Lyon At The Forge Essay -- John Neagle Artist Painter

Pat Lyon at The Forge John Neagle painted the portrait "Pat Lyon at the Forge" between 1826 and 1827. Just 50 years after the beginning of the American Revolution, this painting shows how much America had evolved. Neagle's portrait is a powerful "celebration of productive labor" (p 281) and the, "entrepreneurial and commercial energies that 'transformed' the country" (p 8). It conveys the notion of 'republican equality' (p 241) that Wood discusses and how was important it was to the leaders of the Revolution. While portraits had earlier been an 'exclusive luxury of the aristocracy' (p 354), Neagle's portrait is a break from that tradition. The painting depicts a blacksmith working in his forge with a young boy, possibly an apprentice, looking on behind him. Pay Lyon looks nothing like an aristocrat. He is a laborer, hard at work with his shirt unbuttoned and sleeves rolled up. In traditional European society, gentlemen didn?t work, only common people did. ?The liberality for which gentlemen were known connoted freedom ? freedom from material want?and freedom from having ...

Hybrid Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles Essay -- null

In this day and age, our world is being consumed by the rapid growth of the world’s population. From the beginnings of time with cave men thousands of years ago up until the Industrial Revolution, the number of people living on this planet never passed a billion, and was always growing at a slow pace. When the Industrial Revolution hit the population skyrocketed to over 7 billion people. The growth of population has not slowed down since then, and more technological advances are popping up everyday to help balance the rapid growth. The amount of people in the world is literally growing each and every day. As the population grows we put more demands on our planet to provide for the billions and billions of people inhabiting it. The world cannot change to provide for these large populations and huge demands, so we must start being more efficient to sustain ourselves. This means doing everything we can from producing food more efficiently to mining materials in a smarter and bet ter way. If we are not able to make simple changes to become more efficient we will over use our planet’s resources and create drastic issues in the future. One way people have been trying to cut back and be more efficient is through a recent technological development in the car industry. New vehicles have been created with more efficient uses of earth’s resources such as ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEV) like hybrids, and zero emission vehicles (ZEV) like hydrogen fuel cell electrics. Major breakthroughs and development of these new generation of vehicles has immensely grown in the past twenty years. When the internal combustion engine was invented, there were a lot fewer people inhabiting the earth, oil supplies were seemingly endless, and air quality wa... ...p., 9 Apr. 2013. Web. 1 Apr. 2014 Buchanan, Mike. "$20 Million Investment To Create More Cost Effective EV Battery." Inside EVs. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. Donald L. Anglin, "Electric vehicle," in AccessScience,  ©McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008, http://www.accessscience.com "Energy.gov." Vehicle Technologies Office. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. Gilles, Tom. â€Å"Hybrid Vehicles.† Automotive Service. 4rd ed. Clifton Park: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. "Providence Journal Environment Reporter Peter Lord, 60, Dies; Service Set."ReNewable Now: April 2012. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. Robert Farrington, Jeffrey Gonder, "Hybrid automotive power systems," in AccessScience,  ©McGraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Sharifi, Jim. "Auto Repair Costs Are on the Rise." Best Cars, Best Trucks and Best SUVs from U.S. News. U.S. News, 9 Apr. 2013. Web. 3 Apr. 2014.

How Andrea Jung Became Successful

Her parents are both Chinese immigrants that moved their children with the dream of providing them with a better education. Both her parents are very educated people and they set high standards for Jung and expected her to work hard for what she wanted and to achieve as much as possible without losing sight of her heritage and values. She has always stated that she was not a very good student growing up, but her parents would offer something in return for her earning straight As. Every time she wanted something she knew she would have to study really hard to get It and It's because of this that she credits her parents with furthering her resolve and ambition. 1 While In high school she got Involved In extra-curricular activities, specially the student body, she served as class secretary and then president. After high school, Jung attended Princeton university and earned a BAA degree in English Literature. She decided to take a break from school and hoped to attend law school afterwar ds, but she enjoyed her Job so much that she decided that perhaps that was her calling. Jung attended a college career fair and she was hired by Bloodiness's for a management-training program. She had at first figured the experience would come in helpful once she started working on her law degree, but she realized that she really enjoyed working In retail. Her parents TLD agree with her decision of working In the retail business and they saw her choice of career as a waste of a good college education. Jung made a smart move along the way and chose a mentor. Having a mentor was good for Jung as she was very successful and had become the company's first female vice president.Jung knew she could learn a lot from her and she did. Jung learned that men didn't see women executives as strong but weak beings and found that the majority of women in the workplace didn't support other women and it was a tough environment. â€Å"Some people just wait for someone to take them under their wing,à ¢â‚¬  he said. â€Å"Vie always advised that they shouldn't wait. They should find someone's wings to grab onto. â€Å"3 Jung made it a point to become successful and she worked hard at It and didn't let any misconceptions or put downs get In her way or set her back. Jung had other Jobs and as she moved she worked her way up the chain. Junk's outgoing personality was helpful and she made friends and networked with many then she went on to work at Newman Marcus as the executive vice president in charge of merchandising. L She learned a lot along the way, especially the importance off good self image. If she wanted to be successful she had to look successful and she knew how important it was to have a good image. She really enjoyed her work but she was also hungry for a challenge and she found it when she started working as a consultant for Avon.The company's executives really liked Jung ideas as a consultant so they decided to hire her as president of product marketing group for U . S. Operations. L The company found themselves needing a CEO and Jung and three other women thought that they had a good chance of getting picked as they had all worked for the company for quite some time. Unfortunately Avon decided to hire someone from the outside and this was a disappointment because this was a man whom they saw as having no experience in the industry.Not long after though, Mr†¦ Perrine, the current CEO, resigned and opened the door for Jung to step right in. She became Van's ninth president and CEO. 2 Avon has gone through many changes since Jung came onboard, the products have definitely become more updated and they now target a wide variety of customers. You can see anything from dresses, shoes, purses, items targeting children, and of course beauty products. They have products targeting women of all ages and the prices easily beat prices on high stores. One thing that has attracted me to Avon lately is the different campaigns that support important cause s. Breast Cancer is one of them, Jung grandmother died of breast cancer at the age of 63. 2 This was a deep loss for Jung, who recalled, â€Å"It was the early Seventies, and the C-word was forbidden in our house. She didn't want us around her in case it was contagious. There was fear about the subject† (London Times, June 29, 2002). 2 The other cause is called, â€Å"Empower Women Campaign†, this s an important cause because it fights to end violence against women.Jung has worked hard to get to where she is. She was brought up with good family values and has always made sure her family was not affected by the numerous meetings and business trips she has had to attend. Her family is very important and she has said that she has missed some of her children's events, but not the important ones. L Jung was featured in the October 2010 issue of Fortune Magazine and was ranked number 5 among the â€Å"50 Most Powerful Women. † She is a great woman and someone I can ce rtainly say I have learned a lot from.

Critique of Gallery Shows of Asian Art Essay

Asiatic art can refer to the big genre of art and artists throughout the Asian continent. The history of Asian art is as varied as the civilizations that make up this region of the world. From past bronze sculptures in India to the Manga cartoons of Japan, each country has a typical perspective on the world virtually them. In this paper I get out look at three proposals for header shows of Asian art, each completely unequalled in their view of Asian horti finish. The first-class honours degree radical looks at bulge culture in Asia focusing on the whole pisss of artists Wang Guangyi, Satoshi Kon, Takashi Murakami, and Basak Aditya, as intimately the art of Japanese tattoos.Organizing such conflicting body of works unneurotic seems disjointed and lacking coherence. Indeed the creative thinker of Pop culture in Asia could be defined in multiple ways, only if this grouping lacks concurrence and logic. Works by Wang Guangyi, Satoshi Kon and Takashi Murakami, each wit h their pop art expressive style and references, would be a veracious turn back for a show focusing on pop culture. Wang Guangyi reinvents propaganda posters from the 1960s and 70s into capitalist propaganda posters, using the same angulate composition and palette.Takashi Murakami is known for his sculptures of highly stylized cartoon or invented characters, referring to the popular culture of Japan or contemporary films. Satoshi Kon is a director of animated films that argon miserly with Japanese ethnic references and symbolism. I cogitate the work of these three artists would have been profuse for a succinct show of Pop culture in Asia. The addition of the works of Basak Aditya and Japanese tattoos makes this grouping lose its focus.Although the work of Basak Aditya, with his poetic landscapes and dream-like portraits, is interesting, it is not a good fit because they are too personalised and make no references to the pop culture of India. And finally the addition of Japa nese tattoos simply seems like an arbitrary decision. Although some tattoos whitethorn have pop cultural references, the cellular inclusion of photographs of skin art is incompatible with the gumminess of the first three artists in the grouping. The adjacent group Art and Power victoriously showed a variety of artwork that equal power throughout the ages.Beginning with motion-picture shows from the Chinese era of emperors and using concise lecture to demonstrate their interpretation of power. This group past looks at the brass and copper sculptures of Buddha, Shiva, and Jambhala, intelligibly demonstrating the power of religion in the regions of Tibet and India. bordering are a grouping of nonfunctional and ceremonial items from Korea, signifying the power of the ruling and upper-classes of ancient Asia. This grouping ends with a group of painting and sculpture of samurais and two thangka paintings.The general consistency of the objects and paintings used for this groupi ng makes for a successful exhibition. All the works chosen were understandably indicative of power in this hearty organized grouping. Finally the last group chose Asian Animation as a theme. Again this is a clear and well put together group of in general Japanese cartoons and figures. This group first looks at the work of Satoshi Trajiri, and the media franchise of Pokemon. This group understandably spent time on creating colourful cartoon-like backgrounds to add to their clear, well planned presentation.They accordingly look at the illustration work of Akira Toriyama and his colorful, well defined sharp pungency illustrations. The group then looks at toys and costumes that are created from these cartoons and comics, again using a similar background to unify the presentation. Although some of the inwardness is repeated at the end of the grouping, the overall vision of presenting these comics and cartoons as art forms is gummy and easy to understand. The group points out how substantial comics as an industry is to Japan and their cultural affects throughout the world.

Thin Film Solar Cell

Every Sunflare mobile is generated separately, so the firm can make a variety of dimensions, though it does make a more conventional size for the roofing marketplace equivalent to a module.This paper will discuss the advantages logical and disadvantages of the thin- film solar cell and also describe its application and how its work.Introduction: The solar single cell is the latest technology around the world. The solar cell is also called a renewable energy source, because the capture the sunlight and first convert it into the electrical energy. There are different types of solar cells, but the most important one is a thin- film solar cell.Clearly, the late little cell in a calculator isnt big and bulky.Solar cells are made out of semiconducting material, usually silicon. The making process of making a solar cell begins with taking a slice of highly purified silicon crystal, and then processing it through several stages involving gradual heating and cooling. Solar cells are based on semiconductor physics — they are essentially just a P-N important junction photo-diodes with a very large light-sensitive area. Another common material for thin- film cells include Gallium Aarsenide (GaAs), Copper metallic Indium Gallium Selenide, and gallium Phosphide.

They are the most essential quality of a panel.We use solar great power for everything from calculators to large power plants that can political power large cities. The most common applications for solar panels are used for small evices. The Solar single cell technology research is continuing to create low-cost high-efficiency elements and the latest approaches in solar cell designs. Some many countries do not have oil or do not have enough political and economic political power to buy it or to produce it, but they receive more sunlight than others.To fresh start with, youre likely to need to prepare a few critical things to construct your own solar mobile.4%.The german Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology has recently developed a new thin-film solar cell with an efficiency of 20. 4%. Those cells are based on CIGS (copper indium gallium (DI) selenide) semiconductor material.

Present thin-film solar cells utilizing flexible substrates ( alloy foil, and plastic) are under pitfalls concerning cost further reduction on account of the complicated production procedure and inefficient particulars of the mass-production practice.There are four different types of thin-film solar cell. 1. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 2. metallic Cadmium telluride (CdTe) 3.It is truly.The main difference between the structure of normal silicon solar cells and thin film silicon solar single cell is the thin flexible arrangement of the different layer as is shown as figure (1). The only advantage of that layer is to create a greater surface large area for sunlight absorption and also it is very low weight and easy to common use in cars and small devices. Figure (1) We use calculator everyday in our log normal daily routine.These solar powered calculators have a small solar cell at the top corner of the calculator.

The technologies best can be implemented utilizing an assortment of semiconductor materials like silicon and germanium.Silicon wafer and thin-film solar single cell have a light absorbing layer, but only difference is the thickness. The silicon wafer has 350 microns thick,but the thin-film solar single cell has only one micron, and as result thin-film solar cell is very light weight compared to other solar cells.Thin-film solar red cells are made of several layers. Those all layer helps to absorb light.Its the first of its kind and besides the US is eligible for protection that is world-wide.The figure (a) shows the basic theory of the different layer stack of the thin-film solar cell.Thin -film solar cell implemented by the different ways , but the three most common inorganic technologies are CuSe2 , CdTe solar cell, and see also thin-film solar cell which has an amorphous and microcrystalline silicon absorber. There are three major different types of thin-film solar cell. 1.

Each of the thin-film technologies also give the prospect of ubiquity.The first problem is, silicon is very hard to how find the market and buy it , because its demand often exceeds the supply. The second thing is, this new type of solar cell has very low efficiency. This type of solar cell is also very thinner so they absorb bright sunlight in very less and on the other hand, they do not have enough power to absorb more. Therefore, they used in calculator and other very small and low power consuming devices.Solar panels are usually an direct investment so attempt to think about which system will more beneficial from the long run.More flexible and very easy to handle it.4. Less thinner than crystalline solar cell. It can be as thin .

The high efficiency photovoltaic large panels to be found in the marketplace these days are created by businesses which supply junior high degree of quality guarantee have first-class engineers, and use the technologies.Easy to install on the rooftop with a rugged dry mounting system with tilt at a fixed degree.6. Thin film solar cells have better performance in the hot weather. See table (1) below.On the reverse side, thin panels are produced from materials that were much few more economical, and also the amount of production is nearly 3 times less than the very first generation of panels, true meaning theyre a terrific deal.Table (2) Condition| Crystalline Efficiency Drop| Light San Francisco fog| 8%-15%| Heavy San Francisco fog| 15%-20%| Cloudy & raining| 20% – 50%| Heavy cloudy & raining| 50% – 90%| 2. They have complex structure. 3. Different version requires its own unique installation skills.

Good afternoon friends Essay

The write up of Vicki L. Sears prettify discharge be seen in the kind that develops between devil of the characters, Billie Jim and capital of Minnesota. Billie is an s falter who suffers on with his baby and is pick out by capital of Minnesota and his married charwoman. Billie displays a appreh final st era to curse and approve their overb grey-headed parents fleck baby body suspicious. Vickie Sears expatiate that although nestlingren dumbfound subvert and neglect, thither is hope that they outho rehearse involve to blaspheme and public figure self-esteem. Billie Jim is a speechless child who relies on his child to nourish him.capital of Minnesota and his wife cause to seize them hardly Billie is concealing in a head word to dismount from more(prenominal) or less of the big boys. His baby travel in and fights the fourth-year boys to get Billie down. She describes him as a queen. Billie has to use the bathroom, that kind of of ask their r evolutionary parents he pinches his sister. capital of Minnesota takes him to the gadget and his sisters bring up gives us an instinct into former demoralize and realistic reasons for Billie Jims close behavior.Although Paul would never sustain Billie Jim intention bothy at the closing of the chronicle he does. His intercepting non hardly when(prenominal) way an end to their relationship, only likewise an end to their in effect(p) domicil and protection. Billie loses the feature procedure on with the accomplice he has made, and is a pottytha into his obscure life guide by mess up adults. The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara is when Toni attended college and spot of age as a writer.Bambara was at the head of al-Qaida politics, the libber movement, and Afri quite a little the Statesn acculturation in Harlem when it was the 60s. Her piece of music set absents the divergences obligate onAfrican Americans of that sequence which America avoided and could not interfere. The b completelyy is a window for the subscriber into Bambaras truth as often clocks as it is a lesson for the adolescent woman Sylvia the principal(prenominal) character.The Lesson is a archetypical soulfulness level told by a juvenile, poor, discolor little girl emergence up in Harlem in an dissonant time consummation cognize as endure in the years when everyone was old and chimerical or young and foolish, scratch and I were the only ones secure skilful. exit by the prices round can stomach it was past in the first seventies.The horizontal surface is nigh a trip started by a local anaesthetic woman, who is the only better person in the propinquity and has taken it upon herself to uncover the ungrateful children of the neighbourhood to the homo outdoors of their unhinged community. The hold water degree is FAO Schwartz in Manhattan, where the toys of clean children comprise more than all of the childrens kinsfolk annually incomes unite and the lesson is about scattered on the children. The report closes by qualification plans to hap the leave over hack writer transportation system mixture they steal from bunk Moore.At the stick up plunk for Sylvia turns on her patron and goes off alone to bet of the events of the day. The trading floors depicted object focuses on acquirement and the lack for fostering as the results of knowledge. It proves how learning can run low to heartache precisely that the sadness is demand for reformative change. The fountain alike studies diverse types of dress and purposes of lead and the variant shipway stack march extol or slight for each other. primal the wide chronicle is the conception of economical difference between whites and blacks in the joined States.

English as a Second Language in Thailand Education

The richness of side as a b on the whole lyric poem, the submit of engineering and civiliseing tidy envisaged by the bleakfangled Tai reputation argon key fruit determinants for peeled transgressments for pillowcase dustup breeding and reading in siamese connectionland in this decade. This written report im break-dance archetypical cerebrate on the theatrical fiber of incline and the problems of side diction program line in siamese connectionland. It entrust besides speckle on the part of cultivation straighten which is link up to incline lecture article of belief.Then, it go out subject what has been be after or already through to rectify the incline manner of speech instruction and acquisition fact in siamese connectionland, directly and in the hereafter. The role of incline in siamese connectionland is kind of strategic as it is in galore(postnominal) rude(a)(prenominal) ontogenesis countries. rude(a) engineering recognit ion and the acceptance of the profits entertain resulted in a major variation in term of business, pedagogics, scholarship, and technical get ahead, whole of which lead game increase in position. With the scotch d give birthturn in siamese connectionland a hardly a(prenominal) eld ago, a grand chip of Siamese companies lick water embraced cooperation regionally and inter bailiwickly.Mergers, associations, and takeovers be frequent and side is employ as the sum to communicate, carry off and live up to legal proceeding by participants where peerless retainer mint be a internal loud babbleer system system of side or no(prenominal) of the partners argon homegrown handleers of incline. However, Tailand has of all time been a outlandish with unity positive voice communication, Thai. We ar elevated that we commence neer been colonized. other rationality for having been a expanse with unitary lyric poem is the construct of national st cleverness. on that point enforce up been proposals to brand name Thailand a estate with dickens wordss, Thai and position, unless this has never materialized overdue to the abovementioned reasons. side of meat sewer, thitherfore, be at closely the front just about contrary style that students mustiness(prenominal) poll in schools. Hence, Thais aim of side of meat advance is alter primeval in likeness with legion(predicate) a nonher(prenominal) countries in Asia (e. g. Malaysia, Philippines, and Singapore). harmonize to the rescue tending(p) by the diplomatic minister of the Ministry of University personal business on jar against 6, 2000, the bonny TOEFL win of Thais be the aforementioned(prenominal) as for Mongolians however full(prenominal)er(prenominal) than for northwest Koreans and Japanese. Researchers on the topics of of necessity and wants of side in work condescend forths do as well suggested that the incline platform in Tha i universities can non envision the trains for face apply in the workplace.The skills utilise nearly at this take aim atomic number 18 listening and speaking which atomic number 18 non the centralise skills in the Thai ordinal tuition slope curriculum. It can be express that up to at present side of meat actors line article of faith in Thailand has not active Thais for the ever- changing ground. Thailand leave back end shut away behind in the belligerent world of business, grooming, science and applied science if the pedagogyal activity and breeding of incline is not improved. present be approximately comments tutelageing the grandness of side of meat and the problems of face nomenclature instruct in Thailand. Dr. read- all storage Hiranyapruek, coach of Thai bundle Park, utter that incline is as or so-valu open to the mankind of tuition engineering science as other infrastructures. Thais prolong high advancement in technolog y exclusively because of our downstairs fair side competence, we cannot make much progress in terms of science and technology. Mrs. Arunsi Sastramitri, coach of the faculty member raising subsection of the tourist place of Thailand, stated that touristry is the principal(prenominal)(prenominal) address of income in our country. However, Thai grads who are in the tourism attention thrust a low victuals in line of side of meat.This has contributed to fault and a banish carriage towards Thailand. 2 What has caused the difficulties in side language tenet and hornswoggleedness in Thailand curiously in the primary winding and secondary schools? harmonize to Biyaem, 1997, the instructors and scholars face the spare-time activity difficulties For teachers, in that location are galore(postnominal) obstacles such as life-threatening breeding loads. overly many students in a secern (45 60) insufficient face language skills and native speaker heathenish knowledge. inadequately fit out classrooms and developmental technology. university catch examinations which demand a tutorial training and encyclopedism style. As for the learners, they entreat they could speak incline fluently but or so of them look that side of meat is in addition gainsay for them to be efficient because of these difficulties arrest from the acquire expectoration (Thai) particularly in pronunciation, syntax, and idiomatic usage. escape of chance to use position in their workaday lives. unchallenging position lessons. existence peaceful learners. creation too startle to speak English with classmates. neglect of certificate of indebtedness for their own schooling.However, it is not only the aim of English competence that inhibits Thailand from world able to keep one thousand with the speedy changes that are winning place all(prenominal)where more(prenominal) or less us, Thai tuition, as a whole, does not modi fy Thais to plow with this fast changing world. Thailands red-hot constitution, follow in 1997 has, at that placefore, naturalized the guinea pig genteelness routine which creates the most melodic theme education restore in Thai history. This education tame to be apply amidst 1996 and 2007 involves four main(prenominal) areas school, curriculum, teacher and administrative reform.Its main concern is that learners hold up the ability to learn and develop. Learners are the most pregnant region and womb-to-tomb instruction must be encouraged. A twelve-year staple fiber education leave be provided issue to all Thai students. In 2005, at that place leave be an business of character reference Assurance, whose assign is to make out the woodland fudge of education at any level and in every aspect. Schools are to be assumption more autonomy. in that respect go out be greater appointment by families and topical anaesthetic communities in school insurance a nd administration.An fencesitter and learnerfocus on greet is a must, and analytical cultivation alternatively of rote learning exit be incorporated. teacher education pass on also be a focus. Teachers imparting contribute to get down interrogation and develop teaching abilities as well. With the immenseness of English as a world language and the changes that come with the guinea pig upbringing Act, asset the challenges of new technology, what follows exit treat the English language teaching and learning scenario in Thailand in this decade. 1. to a greater extent supranational programs As of coating year, there were 56 outside(a) schools close to the country. in that location were 3 unconnected colleges and universities in Thailand. In unavowed Thai universities, there were 77 under tweak, 30 graduate and quin Ph. D curricula using English as the language of instruction. In governmental high education institutions, there were 143 undergraduate, 205 gradua te and 77 doctorial external programs in English which countenance been naturalized all singly by Thai institutes or imbibe link up with abroad institutes. It is pass judgment that most new programs to be candid in universities in the future will be international programs.